The Executive Branch of the Russian Federation Essay

The Executive Branch of the Russian Federation - Essay Example Furthermore this assignment leads to know that how the presidential power that have been increased since last decade or more is affecting the whole Russian Federation. It is an attempt to discuss the critical and dramatic relationship of the two main characters of the Russian politics that have been swapping and grasping the most important position of the executive branch since last few years. In the way to make it more authentic references of books, internet and journals has been presented. The Russian Chief of the State/President According to the Russian federation constitution 1993 the president of Russian Federation is the head of the state and as well as the chief of the state. According to The Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993, â€Å"The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state, Supreme Commander-in-chief and holder of the highest office within the Russian Federation. Name of the Presidents and their ruling periods Boris Yeltsin After the cancelation of USSR in December 1991 Boris Yeltsin came to power on June 1991 with a leading victory of 57% votes and elected as the first President of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. ... Dmitry Medvedev: After the presidential rule of Vladimir Dmitry Medvedev became the new president of RSFSR and served his nation as a president from May 2008 till May 2012. Vladimir Putin was elected as a prime minister of ESFSR by The president Medvedev. Vladimir Putin: In 2012 Putin again won the presidential election and got back his presidency from Dmitry Medvedev and has been serving as a president since May 2012. 2. Brief Definition of the Executive Branch According to the (Pascal Elizabeth 3) Executive Branch is the Branch of Government responsible to carry out the Law. Executive Branch of Russia President: Prime minister is the head of the executive branch of the Russian Federation and according to the Constitution of Russian Federation the President is the head of the State of RSFSR. The president gets elected by the election that held after a gap of six years and was the amended form of elections duration occurred 4 years before 2008. Concurring to the law a candidate had t o win more than 50% of the total votes cast in the Election. If no one of the candidates gets 50% then the top two candidates had to compete in 2nd round of Election called run-off election. A president was allowed by the law to compete for the 2nd time for the president but not allowed to compete in the third time (Thomas Grove and Gabriela Baczynska, â€Å"Anti-Putin protesters show their strength in Russia†). Prime Minister: The Executive Power of Russian federation mainly shares between president and prime minister but President includes more power due to the authorities to appoint a Prime minister with the assistance or approval of the Duma. Prime minister is also the Head of the

The Phantom of the Opera Essay Example for Free

The Phantom of the Opera Essay The future ruler of United Kingdom is about to pop into this world any time soon, and his or her parents, not to mention the whole world, are already excited. Indeed, Kate Middleton and Prince William seem like the eager and loving about-to-be parents that they are that its almost hard to imagine that they almost didnt end up together. Remember their controversial split in 2007? Four years after William and Kate started dating, the two had split in March 2007, not giving any reason why. Reports only claimed that their breakup was amicable and mutually agreed upon, but there were speculations that the royal bachelor preferred to act like one rather than be tied to one girl. So what was the real reason why the two separated and subsequently reunite? The answer, according to a new book titled Kate by Marcia Moody, is because William decided to take a different direction from his father, Prince Charles. When his father Charles was wooing Diana and the relationship reached a crossroads, Prince Philip told him that he needed to take action one way or another. And Charles proposed, excerpts of the book obtained by the Daily Mail read. â€Å"When William was faced with a similar dilemma, he went the other way So he celebrated his newly obtained freedom by standing on a table at a club and shouting Im free! while surrounded by a bevy of nearly naked beauties. And while William got drunk and partied hard, Kate consoled her broken heart by signing up for a charity challenge with an all-female dragon boat racing crew called the Sisterhood. She attended other functions, and even had gone to parties that touted her singlehood, but it was with the Sisterhood that helped distract her from the pain. Kate was very down and I think the training became her therapy. Kate had always put William first and she said this was a chance to do something for herself, her fellow rower Emma Sayle said in the book. William, meanwhile, was having second thoughts. Mindful, perhaps, of the decision his father had made when he was in his 20s and failed to marry his early love Camilla, William did not want to make the same mistake. Kate, however, needed some convincing. He had broken her heart and she wanted to make sure that if they did get back together it would be for the right reasons, and that things would change, the book reads. The two eventually got back together after a few months, but they didnt regret their time apart, however short that was. We were both very young we were both finding ourselves and being different characters. It was very much trying to find our own way and we were growing up so it was just a bit of space and it worked out for the better, William has been quoted as saying. Four years later on April 29, 2011, the two became husband and wife as they exchanged vows at the Westminster Abbey in London. And any day now, their first born will make his or her appearance on earth. According to reports, they havent named their little bundle of joy yet; they dont even know if theyre having a girl or a boy. But whatever gender they get, their child already has an impressive title attached to his or her name. The royal couples child will officially be known as His or Her Royal Highness Prince or Princess of Cambridge, a rep for Kensington Palace told Us Weekly.

Love and Marriage in Gallants The Other Paris Essay -- Mavis Gallant

The Other Paris Love waxes timeless. It is passionate and forbidden and a true head rush. Marriage, on the other hand, is practical, safe, a ride up the socioeconomic ladder. In "The Other Paris," Mavis Gallant weaves the tale of Carol and Howard, a fictional couple who stand on the verge of a loveless marriage, to symbolize the misguided actions of the men and women in the reality of the 1950s, the story's setting. By employing stereotypical, ignorant, and altogether uninteresting characters, Gallant highlights the distinction between reality and imagination and through the mishaps and lack of passion in their courtship mockingly comments on society?s views of love and marriage. Gallant typecast both Carol and Howard as ordinary young people, and like typical human beings, both have faults and beliefs that follow the accepted practices of society. As all women of a certain point in life (if that certain point can be said as the age of ?twenty-two?), Carol frets incessantly over her age, being ?under the illusion? that very soon she would be ?so old? that no man could possibly want her. Here, Gallant ridicules the standards of age and beauty expected by society from women like Carol, a thing common even in a more open and accepting world like today?s. Like her peers throughout time, Carol is pressured not only by her friends or parents but also herself to get a man while she able to attract someone much more suitable than that ?medical student with no money.? Her vanity and fear of ending up old and alone embodies societal views toward spinsters as women pining away in some dingy corner. Likewise, Howard also has the same pride as men now. His sister?s caution and unwelcome prediction that he will soon be just ?a... ...and approval. In the end, readers are unsure whether to laugh or cry at the union of Carol and Howard, two people most undoubtedly not in love. Detailed character developments of the confused young adults combined with the brisk, businesslike tone used to describe this disastrous marriage effectively highlight the gap between marrying for love and marrying for ?reason.? As a piece written in the 1950s, when women still belonged to their husbands? households and marriages remained arranged for class and money?s sake, Gallant?s short story excerpt successfully utilizes fictional characters to point out a bigger picture: no human being ought to repress his or her own desires for love in exchange for just an adequate home and a tolerable spouse. May everyone find their own wild passions instead of merely settling for the security and banality of that ?Other Paris.?

Debate on genetically modified food crops Essay

In today’s world there are as many people suffering and dying due to various diseases as many as, people dying from hunger and starvation. As a society with communal harmony and social responsibility towards to the community what is the best thing to do: feed the hungry with such food which could cause more diseases and serious deaths or find a solution to already existing diseases and reduce their suffering. The genetically modified food and crops have had a varied type of effects on humans, animals, and environment. The impact of these foods and crops can be understood based on various considerations such as: the principle of general human welfare, the maintenance of people’s rights and the principle of justice, the need to ensure food security for present and future generations, safety for consumers and care of the environment. In terms of controversies, one of the greatest concerns is the long-term health effects that genetically modified foods will have on human health. With this technology being so new, long term studies have not been conducted to confirm that this process is in fact safe. Thus, here we try to explain all these aspects in detail and there by explain the harmful effects of genetically modified crops and food. WHAT ARE GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS AND CROPS? THE ORIGIN It all started way back in 1980s when in the field of ‘biotechnology’, regular experiments were being conducted on ‘possibility of genetic modifications’ in organisms. In 1946 scientists discovered that they could transfer DNA among organisms. This paved the way for their search in the process of genetic modifications. In 1983 the first genetically modified crop was produced. It was an antibiotic resistant tobacco plant. The research on genetic modification was further enhanced, when scientist discovered that the modification process could be used to introduce nutrients and vitamins to enrich foods. THE PROCESS Manipulating the genetic composition of an organism by adding some specific useful genes is referred to as ‘genetic modifications’. The DNA is located in the chromosomes which has the genes that are modified. Genes carry information about genetically inherited characteristics of the organism. Thus the crops developed like this are known as genetically modified [GMO] crops, transgenic crops or genetically engineered [GE] crops. The main steps involved in the development of GM crops are: 1. Isolation of the gene(s) of interest. 2. Insertion of the gene(s) into a transfer vector: 3. Plant transformation 4. Selection of the modified plant cells: 5. Regeneration into whole plants via tissue culture 6. Verification of transformation and characterization of the inserted DNA fragment. 7. Testing of plant performance 8. Safety assessment. Commercially, four genetically modified crops dominate global biotech agriculture with soybeans accounting for 60% of GM crop area, maize accounting for 23% of GM crop area, cotton accounting for 11% of GM crop area, and canola accounting for 6% of GM crop area. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF GMO FOODS? The effects of GMO foods can be broadly classified among the following categories: Impact on health Impact on environment Impact on farming Economics and social threats IMPACT ON HEALTH Deaths and near deaths: A genetically modified version of the food supplement was released without safety tests, which lead to 37 deaths and approximately 1500 more were disabled. Cancer and Diseases GH is a protein hormone which, when injected into cows stimulates the pituitary gland in a way that the produces more milk, thus making milk production more profitable for the large dairy corporations. it is a very potent chemical hormone that has been linked to a 2. 5 to 4 times higher risk of human colorectal and breast cancer. Prostate cancer risk is considered equally serious – in the 2,8.to 4 times range. Allergies A documented case states that genetic modification involving transfer of a gene from a brazil nut to soybean led to transfer of allergens. Medical tests of people known to be allergic to Brazil nuts were conducted for the appropriate antibody response to the transferred gene. Seven out of nine individuals showed a positive response. This adverse result alerted the company and the work was discontinued so the product was not even submitted to the regulatory authorities. IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT. Toxicity to soil Extinction of seed varieties Super weeds Killing beneficial insects IMPACT ON FARMING Harm to small family farms The small farmers are already a facing financial crisis with overwhelming debts and low prices for their produce. By introducing GM crops we will be adding to the misery of the farmers. Here the cost of production will be more and since there is no demand for these products the farmer will have to sell the produce at a very low price. The farmer also has to pay for the patentship of the seeds he buys from. Monopolization Of Food Production If the GMO crops enter the market they would be a monopoly market. The customers should be given the choice to choose between ‘natural’ food and transgenic food. Not only will the farmers suffer but the customers will have no option but to buy GMO products. The GMO foods is a very large industry it includes the owner to take patent ship on his specifications of ‘gene modifications’ and has to pay licensing. Thus, increasing the overall cost of the product. ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL THREATS. In past Britishers colonized many countries with technology and superior armies hence farmers had perception that with both control of genetic and agricultural resources would act as powerful weapon for the invasion of cultures. Without proper labelling of genetically modified food violates and harms the right to know what is in our foods – given the list of health, environmental, and socio-political reasons to avoid GM ingredients. Even if GM foods were 100% safe, the consumer has a right to know such ingredients – due to their much potential harm. The genetic modification of plants involves transferring DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the genetic material, from a plant or bacterium, or even an animal, into a different plant species. Because we can increasingly identify which gene or genes determine particular characteristics, the appropriate genes can now be inserted directly into the plants we wish to modify. Although techniques required to create GM crops are recent and relatively sophisticated, genetic modification is in most respects an extension of what has been happening for ten thousand years. The primitive ancestors of almost all modern food crops are barely recognisable to the lay person; maize ears, for instance, were half an inch long rather than the eight or nine inches of their modern descendants. ETHICAL ISSUES & SOCIAL ISSUES Introduction to any technological advances reflects three principles. The first one, general welfare which works to promote the interest of citizens. The second one, rights of the people which work to promote their rights to freedom of their choice. The third one being the principal of justice which requires the policies to be followed fairly shared. These principles lead to Does this methodology promote welfare of people by providing food safety and reducing the usage of pests? Or this possesses unknown risks and environmental problems which lead to avoid them? How far this technology can provide right to customers to about the content of their food they are taking? How can the scientists conduct their research in ways to protect their intellectual integrity? Who will be beneficial due to this advances and obligations to compensate others? GM are used as a image for social welfare but it is unethical to treat nature in an ‘industrial’ fashion not because of the unfortunate consequences of so doing ,but because of they believe it is intrinsically wrong After examining all the scientific evidence in the light of the ethical considerations, they said that the genetic modification of crop plants, as so far developed, does not differ to such an extent from conventional plant breeding or other human interventions with the natural world as to make the process morally objectionable in itself. GM technology is a new tool which plant breeders are using to achieve their breeding goals more accurately and rapidly. the combinations of, for example, bacterial and plant genes in GM crops are very unlikely to be found or impossible to realise in nature. However, provided that potential side effects are thoroughly assessed, we do not consider that the generation of such new combinations should be prohibited. ALARMING EFFECTS: GM crops are developed with an aim to fix the nitrogen, resist the draught and to improve yield and to meet the demand of market. These goals lead to development of multibillion dollar industry controlled by corporate giants. According to studies in US it has been confirmed that â€Å"the miracle crops have not materialised. GM crops grown have two simple characteristics in the world. More than 70% are tolerant to broad-spectrum herbicides, with companies engineering plants to be tolerant to their own brand of herbicide, while the rest are engineered with bt-toxins to kill insect pests. A total of 65 million acres were planted in 1998 within the US, Argentina and Canada. The latest surveys on GM crops in the US, the largest grower by far, showed no significant benefit. On the contrary, the most widely grown GM crops – herbicide-tolerant soya beans – yielded on average 6. 7% less and required two to five times more herbicides than non-GM varieties†. These figures simply show that the GM crops do not show any effect. The herbicide tolerant weeds and b-t resistant insect pests are formed due to the GM crops. The herbicides not only decimated the wild species but also toxic to animals. These herbicide causes birth defects in mammals, and some lead to cancer in white blood cells. The bt-resistant insect pests kill insects such as bees and butterflies. There is enough food to feed in this world. But, the reason why our statistics showed that billions of people are hungry is that these resources are under the control of corporate monopolies. Hence the poor are becoming further poor. The new patents on developing GM crops helps these corporate giants further and prevent the farmers from saving and replanting seeds which are major source of their income. The development of new crops further intensifies these corporate and threats the living. It seriously cause unemployment increases debt and threaten farming systems and environmental damage. There have been many arguments that GM crops enhance nutritional value by incorporating genes to increase nutrients, iron content. But malnutrition occurred due to the substitution of diet provided by traditional farming. These agricultural practices deplete and remove nutrients from the soil resulting in the change of nutritional value of all food crops worse. Nothing GMO crops or technologies can change this trend. The mal nutrition problem can be solved only by new sustainable farming methods and recovering biodiversity. There are also unpredictable risks involved in this incorporation of genes. More observed is horizontal gene transfer i. e. , transferring of gene directly to some unrelated species. It gives rise to new bacteria and viruses that cause diseases and also spread antibiotic and drug resistances among the pathogens. These transgenic DNA resulted untreatable new viruses and bacteria can also spread to organisms in any environment including the human body. This transgenic DNA also leads to cancer. The main reason for the increase in food prices is increase in bio fuel production. The giant corporate that are producing GM crops are lobbying for bio fuels and are using the opportunity of this food crisis to promote their GM foods. Here GM crops are not for solving food crisis but food crisis is being used to improve the fortunes of GM industry which meant to be a profit based firm. â€Å"The main aim for these corporate is that they’re just using the current food crisis and the fuel crisis as a mechanism to make GM crops profitable by advertising that GM crops can solve the problem of Drought and feeds the world. Despite 20 years of research in US and commercialization, it has been proved that GM failed to increase the yield which proved that traditional farming gains upper hand over genetic engineering techniques. It has also proved that there have been better techniques like â€Å"agro ecological farming† to meet the challenges of hunger, poverty etc., other innovative low input or methods of controlling pests and increasing yields are integrated pest management. This method is imprecise way of incorporating genes (may be foreign genetic from virus, bacteria) into crops with unknown consequences. These foods have taken only little but no long term safety testing. Animal feeding tests has shown some bad health effects. Only some studies meant to be on humans who showed unexpected effects on gut bacteria but has never further carried out. It has also realised that foods unlabelled caused millions of premature deaths in US. By considering the statistics in US on prices of GM crops it has showed that prices increases dramatically cutting the average farm’s income of farmers. These lead to long term disaster to farmers. GM provides patents to certain big giants that allow control over food supply which have a history of toxic contamination and public deception. They harass the farmers of saving seeds or genes even if genes got through contamination by winds or insects. Their price fixation leads to short income to farmers and price rise to market which destroys the farmer’s livelihood. Statistics revealed that in 1989, 37 people are died and 1300 were disabled due to release of GM foods without safety tests. There is also a chance that people who are allergic to certain genes can lead to shock and death if GM products do not disclose their information. RECOMMENDATIONS Traditional Breeding is preferred over Genetically Modified Crops because of following reasons. 1. Genetically modification crops decreases the yield, Traditional breeding improves the yield Genetically Modified Crops were assumed to increases the yield. Instead experimental results showed that they decrease the yield in most cases. The results of Differences in yields between conventional and GM soybeans is as follows. The conventional breeding showed an increase in yield and these are much drought resistant. Hence, traditional breeding need to be implemented rather than Genetically Modified Crops. Fig: Differences in yields between conventional and GM soybeans 2. Genetically Modified Crops increases the pesticide use Genetically Modified Crops requires more pesticide use than the conventional crops. It is not at all good to consume the food with pesticide content above the tolerable level. This may lead to several dangerous health issues. 3. Risks of Toxicity in genetically modified crops. Many health hazards were caused due to higher risks of toxicity. This leads to allergen city, antibiotic resistance, immune-suppression and cancer. As for environmental impacts, the use of genetic practices in agriculture will lead to biological pollution, threatening numerous microbial, plant and animal species with extinction, and the potential contamination of all non-genetically engineered life forms with novel and possibly hazardous genetic material. 4. Genetically Modified crops and Non-Genetically modified crops cannot coexist. Trends in the planting of GM and organic crops suggest that the growth of the GM crop area has impeded the development of the organic cultivation. A study in Spain, has found that GM maize has caused a drastic reduction in organic cultivations of this grain and is making their coexistence practically impossible CONCLUSION Genetically modified foods had a great impact by solving many problems such as malnutrition, hunger and starvation but the after effects of consuming these genetically modified crops are very harmful. Because they not only solved the problem of starvation but also indirectly became the reason for various hazardous effects on human health. Genetically modified crops are the impractical ways of producing the crop and violating the natural breeding. Such impractical production will include many viruses and bacteria contained in it which are very harmful for the mankind in the long run. There exist many other ways of feeding the hunger than incorporating the genetically modified crops into our system. These genetically modified foods not only harm the human health but indeed they will also affect the environment because they contain a lot more pesticides and herbicides which are toxic and even the farmer and the people working around have bad impact. Even though this technology of genetically modified foods provide a lot more benefits to the environment there exits many potential risks by adopting this technology. All those people who so ever is involved in the development of genetically modified crops need to recognise and take the responsibility to the public. They need to ensure that the new technologies adapted by them are safe for the human health as well as they would no longer affect environment even in the long run. The planting of the genetically modified crops must be done precisely by limiting the plantation and constantly monitoring the side effects and the uses of incorporating genetic technology in farming. Even the farmers should use the caution concerning the development and spread of these genetically modified crops because even the farmers are badly affected by the adverse effects of the virus and even the insects are becoming resistant to these pesticides. â€Å"I suspect that one day the effects of GM contamination will dwarf both the financial meltdown and peak oil. † Anonymous. REFERNECES http://www. raw-wisdom. com/50harmful. http://www. globalhealingcenter. com/nutrition/genetically-modified-foods http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview. php http://www. nepadbiosafety. net/for-regulators/resources/subjects/biotechnology/process-of-developing-genetically-modified-gm-crops.

Motivation and Unionization

Political philosophers, sociologists, economists and psychologists have been formulating theories to account for social organization. Man is a social being, one if his basic needs is to belong, and so it is but natural to him to organize institutions, organizations and groups. Motivation is a general term referring to the regulation of need-satisfying and goal-seeking behavior (Atkinson et al., 1993). Economists and political philosophers have studied social organization motivations basically to understand their role in commerce and industry, particularly labor organization. Unionization is act of forming labor unions, which are groups or organizations that are organized to represent the labor work force as a collective, whose objectives are to protect workers from unjust labor practices, to improve working conditions, and to look after the general welfare. Unionization is often viewed as negative from the perspective of management. Managing unions can only be done if there is through understanding of the motivations behind it. It is the objective of this paper to understand the concepts of motivation and unionization and to deduce an appropriate proposition to the management of labor unions. Understanding Unionization Industrialization fathered labor unions. Unions were to begin with organized to monitor pay levels and increase and working conditions and through it safety regulations were developed, and standardized, child labor was abolished, and work day and work week were shortened, and started non-wage benefits like pensions and health insurance (Feinman, 2006). Basically, unions gave workers bargaining power against unfair labor practices, safety measures in the lack of protective labor laws and allowed a venue to voice concerns of workers. Unions are not oppositions to management but a safeguard when workers become unheard, ignored or disregarded. The statement that â€Å"A company that deserves a union gets one† is not absolute but it is undeniable that it can greatly influence workers to organize unions. Unions may be organized even if there are optimum working conditions but the original motives for forming unions in the 19th century can be very become the motives for forming them today. It has to be recognized that unionization has significantly suffered a decline in the last 30 years (Clemens et al., 2003). Feinman (2006) reasons that the decline in unionization is the development of automation in factories, thus lessening those engaged in the industry, but there are still sectors that are in need of unions, particularly the service sector, to represent worker needs and concerns. Understanding Leadership and Motivation Leadership is a powerful motivator. Bad leadership can trigger unwanted responses in the workforce causing them to form defensive groups that may be having an attitude range of indifference to hostility. Confidence in management allows for open communication channels facilitating the discussion and resolution of concerns or disputes. Sound directives from management lead to responsiveness to company culture and inspire loyalty to the company. When workers feel secure, properly represented and involved in the company, the desire for collective action is not as significant (Dong-One and Voos, 1997). Sound leadership and motivation is able to guide the members of the organization towards the accomplishment of the major goal which is profits, efficiency and effectivity of the company. To achieve these, one has to be able to manage labor relations well. So, if workers turn to union organization as a means of communication and solving their concerns, considering the decline in unionization by workers, it may very well mean indeed that leadership and motivation strategies that are being implemented is not effective or enough to develop optimum labor relations. Deserving a Union What kind of companies has labor unions? Labor unions are present in all industries. The popular notion is that unionization is that it is only common blue collar workers but the reality is that even white collar workers need the protection against unfair labor practices, lack of labor legislation and oppressive conditions. The presence of unions does not increase labor liabilities, it only unifies the individual responsibility or management to workers. Surprisingly, there are even situations where the organization of a union should be encouraged by a company. Labor organizations have two faces according to Dong-One and Voos (1997) that â€Å"unions possess both a collective voice face and a monopoly face†. In the event that there are several groups in the workforce who have various concerns, it is to the benefit of management for workers to unionize into one group instead of the company having to deal with several groups instead (Flanagan, 1999). It can also make easier the assessment of workers’ dispositions and moods. In one way it can also contribute to labor stability, workers and management are bound by the collective bargaining agreements that are established thus providing specifics for operations, alleviation of concerns and improvement of the company as a whole. Conclusion The suggestion that if proper leadership and motivation techniques are employed and desirable policies devised, workers will not want to unionize is not absolutely conclusive. Workers may still not unionize even if their working conditions are less than desirable when there are legal impediments to do so or there is too much risk associated with the act of unionization. Conversely, workers of companies with good management may still opt to unionize in the vent that they desire an organized representation of themselves, unionize as a means if creating other institutions like cooperatives or lobby groups, or are required by the company or the state to unionize. The statement that â€Å"a company that deserves a union gets one† implies that the organization of labor unions a consequence is also misleading. It suggests that unionization is purely a deterrent to a company. Unionization can improve communication between workers and management, allow management greater access to workforce conditions, and promote the company as a preferred employer thus enhancing public image. There exists a duality in the existence of labor unions in their benefit and burden to an organization. It is important to understand that since individual motivations drive the organization of labor unions, there is no real straightforward judgment on its worth or price. Equally as influential in the organization of labor unions are macroeconomic factors that stem from national labor policies, service and product demands and national productivity. It is therefore the conclusion of this paper inefficient leadership and motivation is a significant factor in the formation of unions but it is not a conclusive reason for it is important to consider other contributing factors that can either encourage or inhibit unionization. Reference Atkinson, Rita L., Atkinson, Richard C., Smith, Edward E., Bem, Daryl J. (1993). Introduction to Psychology, 11th edition. Orlado, FA: Harcourt and Brace Publishers Bertola, Giuseppe (1999). Microeconomic Perspectives on Aggregate Labor Markets, in Handbook of Labor Economics vol.3B, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp.2985-3028. Blau, F.D. and L.M. Kahn (1999). Institutions and Laws in the Labor Market, in Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 3C, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1399-1461. Clemens, Jason, Karabegovià ¦, Amela and Veldhuis, Niels (2003). Unionization: The Facts Please. Dong-One,   Kim and Voos (1997). Unionization, Union Involvement and the Performance of Gain Sharing Programs. Feinman, Robert D. (2006). Does Unionization Matter?. Retrieved on August 18, 2006 from http://robertdfeinman.com/society/unionization.html. Flanagan, R.J. (1999), Macroeconomic Performance and Collective Bargaining: An International Perspective, Journal of Economic Literature 37, 1150-1175.      

How To Make Your Work With A Supervisor Effective

How To Make Your Work With A Supervisor Effective How To Choose The Right Supervisor And To Work With Your Tutor Right? When you start working with your supervisor on your dissertation, you may expect that this will be the same student-tutor type of relationship. This is the one that you got used to and you most likely feel comfortable with. But you need to understand that working on a dissertation required more than that. We will disclose in this article that you need to pay attention to the interpersonal skills as well. Your collaboration will require mutual understanding and clarity in order to make your work together effectively. Choosing the right tutor For undergraduates and Master’s students universities usually assign supervisors in advance. This choice is affected by the topic you offer and the field of study, of course. But in fact, the process of choosing the right supervisor can be really challenging for the student. This is one of the most important aspects that will affect all further work on your dissertation. You work with a tutor on your paper will shape and direct your thoughts, approaches, and solutions for the selected topic. So you need to be considering in approving collaboration with one or another supervisor. We have prepared questions you should ask yourself before you will make a choice. This will help you to start good professional relationships with the right purpose. Is your supervisor familiar with your sub-field and topic? You may consider this question weird, but in fact, it is very reasonable. Students sometimes consider that if their supervisor is well-aware of the general field you are working in, he/she will be an expert in your sub-field as well. But in fact, the wider knowledge does not always mean that the person can understand right your topic in the narrower field. Also, you cannot expect that your supervisor has read all the books, articles and works of other scholars in order to get an understanding of the topic (as you might do). Most experienced supervisors understand this and refuse to work with some graduates simply because they realize they have a lack of expertise in the particular sub-field. While some relatively young academics may mistakenly consider that they will be able to help you with your work, even if they do not have enough depth of knowledge. In this case, you need to check the suitability of this person to your dissertation by yourself. Does he/she share your choice of direction? It is okay that you and your supervisor may have minor disagreements during your work. Moreover, some of them may be really important as soon as they are supported by constructive arguments. But you also need to remember that there are approaches in one field that can be completely opposite. So do your best to pick the supervisor who will share the same assumptions as you, instead of starting working with a person who obviously has completely different views in your topic. Does he/she share your working patterns and expectations? By the moment you start writing your dissertation you probably already know what kind of supervisor you need for the productive continuation of your work. If you know that you may procrastinate sometimes and do simple things too slowly, you may look for the person who will be strict enough to stimulate your work and following deadlines. Or maybe you are motivated enough to work constantly and you do not want too much interruption into your writing process. Then you may look for the tutor who will be ready to revise your chapters when you ask them, no sooner or later, providing you with detailed and constructive comments. Do you get the decent level of attention to your work with quality recommendations and good criticism? Does the selected supervisor have enough influence on you to motivate, stimulate or direct you? How many students are working with him/her right now? Some supervisors can be really popular so many students request working with them. But eventually, this may have a bad impact as this can reduce the quality of work with each student. Moreover, in this case, the supervisor needs to switch between topics too often that may cause confusions as well. But another side of the coin is not good as well. If nobody wants to work with a particular person, they could have reasons for that. Working process with your supervisor You and your supervisor need to understand that you are now starting the working relationship, which requires mutual understanding, sharing professional views and so on. The form of the relationships you will have with your supervisor will depend on the subject you are working in, but most of all it will be affected by the working patterns that you will choose. Anyway, you need to read and take into consideration our following recommendations. Work with your supervisor, not for him Being a student you probably got used to the particular model of behavior and communication with your tutors. During modules, you receive the particular tasks that you need complete in a particular way to satisfy the teacher’s requirements. This model also works during passing the exams when you express thoughts that your professor wants to her. And when you start working on with your tutor on your dissertation you may feel like fulfilling his/her requests as well. Despite the fact that your paper should meet the particular requirements specified by your department, still, you should not be oriented at satisfying your supervisor though. You need to reconsider your attitude and think of your supervisor more like teammate rather than the examiner. You are working together on the same goal and you are the author of the research in the first place. Just like with teamwork, you need to consider the person you are in collaboration right now. You need to do what you are asked for and do not miss deadlines and tasks. Provide the chapter, draft or the piece of research when you promised to your supervisor in order to keep on the same track and gradually fulfill your paper. But you also need to keep in mind another significant aspect of the working in the team: being clear in what you want to get from your teammate. You can give your supervisor a first draft in order to check up whether you have chosen the right direction. But your supervisor may consider that this is the nearly completed part of the paper and it may cause serious confusion. So as soon as you ask for help, feedback, recommendation, make sure that you have explained on what stage you are now and of what â€Å"flaws† of your current version of dissertation you are aware of. Engage your supervisor at the first stages of work Most supervisors realize the importance of their control over the early stages of dissertation writing. That is why they often insist on often meetings during this period. But sometimes supervisors may be â€Å"hands-off† and do not insist on this way of collaboration. That is the situation when you need to control this aspect by yourself. Involve your tutor in the process of planning as this stage can affect all further work. Defining all the important aspects and directions will guide you in your work on the dissertation and prevent the majority of common mistakes. Moreover, there will be fewer risks that your dissertation will require serious making over. You can get a bunch of useful info from your supervisor, for instance, what books, articles and works to read or what researches to study. With this approach in the early stages, you will get receiving the required theoretical and practical skills that will make your dissertation creation productive. Arrange often meetings with your supervisor to check the process stage by stage Nothing in the educational process can be more disappointing than bringing to your supervisor 200 pages of your work and receive the comment that you need to start over because your starting point was wrong. That is why you need to develop a habit to arrange meetings with your tutor as often as possible to check every chapter and the stage of production. Discuss the next steps of your plan and their relevance to the dissertation in general. This will prevent you from being stuck on the same level and you will constantly receive guidelines of what you need to study more to move forward. Do not think that your supervisor expects only completed work from you. Sure thing, you have to cover minor aspects like grammar check and proper formatting by yourself. But this is not your regular tutor. Your supervisor needs to see your progress and trace it. If you will provide a chapter that looks good and contain no grammar mistakes, you will let your supervisor see the actual content and base his/her feedback on it. Conduct productive disagreements You and your supervisor are different people and it is normal if you will have minor disagreements considering the working on your dissertation. He/she does not have to agree with you on any level. But as soon as you have any issues, turn them to the advantageous path. Discuss why your supervisor suggests a different approach or criticize your thoughts. Do not be afraid of such situations. Of course, it may be daunting when you hear that you might be wrong in the thing that you pay so much time for. But on the other hand, consider this as an opportunity to grow as well as the chance to train your communication skills when you need to defend your views. Do not be afraid to change the supervisor There are rare cases when undergraduates cannot make their work with the supervisor productive. The reasons can vary. In some situations you can realize too late that your supervisor does not want to support your ideas, making you write an entirely different paper. Or you may find their comments impenetrable and demoralizing. Or your supervisor does not pay attention to your meeting request and you cannot get in touch with him/her for weeks. Anyway, you can eventually decide that you need to switch the tutor and start working with another supervisor. This is possible and you need to address your request to the head of the department. Do not be afraid to do so as this is your work in the first place and only you are responsible for it.

T. Roosevelt, a legacy essays

T. Roosevelt, a legacy essays The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt The turn of the century has always been a big deal for modern civilizations. One hundred years of life is quite large compared with the average 70 or so given to most. Because of that, people tend to look in trends of decades, rather than centuries or millennia. When it does come time for a new century, when that second digit rotates, as it does so seldom, people tend to look for change. Events tend to fall before or after the century, not on top of it, and United States history, particularly, has had a tendency for sudden change at the century marks. Columbus' accidental discovery of the West Indies in 1492 brought on the exploration age in the 1500s. Jamestown colony, founded in 1607, was England's first foothold on the New World. A massive population surge, brought on in part by the import of fricans, marks entry into the 18th century. Thomas Jefferson's presidency, beginning in 1800, changed the face of American politics. 1900 was a ripe year for change, but needed someone to help the change arrives. That someone was Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt's political presence altered the course of the United States, transforming it into a superpower fully ready to handle the challenges of any opposition, and changed the role of the president and executive branch of US government, making it a force with As the first president with progressive views, Roosevelt enacted the first regulatory laws and prosecuted big businesses who had been violating them and others for years. Roosevelt also initiated the United States' active interests in other countries, and began to spread the benefits of democracy throughout the world. Before Roosevelt, the United States was an inward-looking country, largely xenophobic to the calls of the rest of the world, and chiefly concerned with bettering itself. As one critic put it, "Roosevelt was the first mode...

Yalta Conference in World War II

Yalta Conference in World War II The Yalta Conference was held February 4-11, 1945, and was the second wartime meeting of leaders from the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union. Upon arriving at the Crimean resort of Yalta, Allied leaders hoped to define the post-World War II peace and set the stage for rebuilding Europe. During the conference, President Franklin Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin discussed the future of Poland and Eastern Europe, the occupation of Germany, the return of prewar governments to occupied countries, and the Soviet entry into the war with Japan. While the participants left Yalta pleased with the result, the conference later was viewed as a betrayal after Stalin broke promises regarding Eastern Europe. Fast Facts: Yalta Conference Conflict: World War II (1939-1945)Date: February 4-11, 1945Participants:United States - President Franklin RooseveltGreat Britain - Prime Minister Winston ChurchillSoviet Union - Joseph StalinWartime Conferences:Casablanca ConferenceTehran ConferencePotsdam Conference Background In early 1945, with World War II in Europe drawing to a close, Franklin Roosevelt (United States), Winston Churchill (Great Britain), and Joseph Stalin (USSR) agreed to meet to discuss war strategy and issues that would affect the postwar world. Dubbed the Big Three, the Allied leaders had met previously in November 1943, at the Tehran Conference. Seeking a neutral site for the meeting, Roosevelt suggested a gathering somewhere on the Mediterranean. While Churchill was in favor, Stalin refused citing that his doctors prohibited him from making any long trips. In lieu of the Mediterranean, Stalin proposed the Black Sea resort of Yalta. Eager to meet face to face, Roosevelt agreed to Stalins request. As the leaders traveled to Yalta, Stalin was in the strongest position as Soviet troops were a mere forty miles from Berlin. This was reinforced by the home court advantage of hosting the meeting in the USSR. Further weakening the western Allies position was Roosevelts failing health and Britains increasingly junior position relative to the US and USSR. With the arrival of all three delegations, the conference opened on February 4, 1945. Agendas Each leader came to Yalta with an agenda. Roosevelt desired Soviet military support against Japan following the defeat of Germany and Soviet participation in the United Nations, while Churchill was focused on securing free elections for Soviet-liberated countries in Eastern Europe. Counter to Churchills desire, Stalin sought to build a Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe to protect against future threats. In addition to these long-term issues, the three powers also needed to develop a plan for governing postwar Germany. Yalta Conference, left to right: Secretary of State Edward Stettinius, Maj. Gen. L. S. Kuter, Admiral E. J. King, General George C. Marshall, Ambassador Averell Harriman, Admiral William Leahy, and President F. D. Roosevelt. Livadia Palace, Crimea, Russia. Library of Congress Poland Shortly after the meeting opened, Stalin took a firm stance on the issue of Poland, citing that twice in the previous thirty years it had been used as an invasion corridor by the Germans. Furthermore, he stated that the Soviet Union would not return the land annexed from Poland in 1939, and that the nation could be compensated with land taken from Germany. While these terms were non-negotiable, he was willing to agree to free elections in Poland. While the latter pleased Churchill, it soon became clear that Stalin had no intention of honoring this promise. Germany In regard to Germany, it was decided that the defeated nation would be divided into three zones of occupation, one for each of the Allies, with a similar plan for the city of Berlin. While Roosevelt and Churchill advocated for a fourth zone for the French, Stalin would only acquiesce if the territory was taken from the American and British zones. After reasserting that only unconditional surrender would be acceptable the Big Three agreed that Germany would undergo demilitarization and denazification, as well as that some war reparations would be in the form of forced labor. Japan Pressing on the issue of Japan, Roosevelt secured a promise from Stalin to enter the conflict ninety days after the defeat of Germany. In return for Soviet military support, Stalin demanded and received American diplomatic recognition of Mongolian independence from Nationalist China. Caving on this point, Roosevelt hoped to deal with the Soviets through the United Nations, which Stalin did agree to join after voting procedures in the Security Council were defined. Returning to European affairs, it was jointly agreed that the original, prewar governments would be returned to liberated countries. Exceptions were made in the cases of France, whose government had become collaborationist, and Romania and Bulgaria where the Soviets had effectively dismantled the governmental systems. Further supporting this was a statement that all displaced civilians would be returned to their countries of origin. Ending on February 11, the three leaders departed Yalta in a celebratory mood. This initial view of the conference was shared by the people in each nation, but ultimately proved short-lived. With Roosevelts death in April 1945, relations between the Soviets and the West became increasingly tense. Aftermath As Stalin reneged on promises concerning Eastern Europe, perception of Yalta changed and Roosevelt was blamed for effectively ceding Eastern Europe to the Soviets. While his poor health may have affected his judgment, Roosevelt was able to secure some concessions from Stalin during the meeting. Despite this, many came to view the meeting as a sellout that greatly encouraged Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe and northeast Asia. The leaders of the Big Three would meet again that July for the Potsdam Conference. During the meeting, Stalin was effectively able to have the decisions of Yalta ratified as he was able to take advantage of new US President Harry S. Truman and a change of power in Britain that saw Churchill replaced partway through the conference by Clement Attlee.

Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Globalisation - Essay Example From this perspective, functionalism describes the social order from a majority viewpoint, as opposed to looking at the fulfillment of every individual within a society. This paper will define the extent to which functionalism explains the main social order within society. Functionalism as Social Order The main attribute of functionalism is based on the attribute of showing what a large group of individuals did within a given culture and how this helped with the overall function within the culture. This is further described by different levels of functions, specifically which are divided by a variety of theorists. For instance, Merton (Harrington, 2005) states that functions can be divided into latent functions and manifest functions. The latent group is based on the social orders which were unintentional and didn’t depict the overall needs or functions within society. The manifest functions are the ones which describe more of the social order because of the institutional rela tionship to the function. The institution is able to show that it is planned, intentional and can be used to manifest specific actions within society. The manifest functions are able to depict the order of society and are used to describe institutional measures over the actions of groups of individuals (Harrington, 2005). Defining Social Action The concept of action as the manifestation of social order then leads into the understanding of what the manifestations include and how they define or are disregarded in understanding structure and functionalism. The concept of social action is one which has to be defined as an act which takes place and which is verified by others who have seen the same social action. More important, the fact has to be something that is done within society. If it is to define order, then it has to show how this particular fact, item or action is done by the majority of society or is something which is repetitive and practiced within the society. Without this, it doesn’t become a function that is within society and isn’t a part of the social order (Parsons, 1949). An example of this is with politics. If the United States has a bill of rights protecting freedom of speech, then this becomes a fact because it is defined by the political institution and the expectation for society to follow this bill. More important, those in society state that they practice freedom of speech through the press or other means. The freedom of speech defines the social order more by the actions which result and relate to this, all which manifest more of the approach taken for this political action and the functionalism which is attributed to the fact. The manifestation and the continuous social actions seen in newspapers, media and other sources show this is a part of the social order. The concept of social action within society is furthered by defining how this relates to different groups in society, some which may not link to the institutions. T here are two ideals which begin to form with social action and the contemporary attributes. When looking at social order from a historical perspective, it is easier to define functionalism, specifically because history only

Management Information Systems IP Four Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Management Information Systems IP Four - Essay Example The third is the Piloting the Valero with real-time management case study in which the Valero, a Texas-based oil refinery needed a system that could be able to display real-time data about issues concerning the plant. Virtual reality is a three-dimensional space, which is a computer generated interactive space. Virtual reality immerses its users in the virtual world while the augmented reality keeps in touch with the real world. Augmented reality uses any of the three major display techniques to be able to achieve the blend of reality mixed with real-life images and graphic effects. The display techniques are hand held displays, head mounted displays that provide the virtual environment and shut out the real world, and spatial displays that mount graphical information on physical surfaces. It has been used to improve marketing in the sense that it helps involve the customers and is able to communicate to the customers in an interesting and interactive way with relevance to them. In 2009, Esquire magazine was able to use this in their advertising where they added several stickers, which had designs that had this ability. When held up to a web camera, it started interactive video segments featuring the issue’s cover, Robert Downey Jr. (Ovide, 2009). In image guided surgery, a CT scan and MRI provides the necessary data that is superimposed on the patient in the operating room. In real estate, this has been employed to help the user find information they need on the go, since smart phones have GPS, cameras and internet. Therefore, one can just point their phone on a building and the value of the building per square meter and a small photo accompanied by a live image project from the phone’s camera, hence provide real estate information on the go (Macintosh, 2010). The U.S stock markets on May 6, 2010 experienced a sudden and quick plunge at 2:42 PM, which

Hewlett Packard Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hewlett Packard Business - Research Paper Example Bill Hewlett together with Dave Packard started the company. The company derived its brand name from its co-founders Hewlett and Packard. The two individuals who founded the company had graduated together from Stanford University with enormous knowledge in manufacturing measuring and testing instruments. The first product to be produced by the company under its founders was an audio oscillator having the model 200A (HP Company, 1984). The product resulted in the innovations of the two individuals. The audio oscillator used a light bulb in an important portion of the circuit. The light bulb served as a resistor with stabilized temperature. The product competed effectively with other less stable oscillators in the market, sold above $ 200, but the company’s oscillator sold for only $ 54.40. One of the crucial early customers of the company was Walt Disney production. The movie production company purchased oscillators of Model 200B for testing Fantasound stereophonic sound while producing the movie, Fantasia. The Wired Magazine recognizes HP as the world’s first producer of personal computer in the year 1968 (Vermaat, 1996). Hewlett Packard called the personal computer a desktop calculator since; Bill Hewlett had the opinion that, if they called the personal computer, most customers would have rejected the product because it did not look like an IBM. The company became recognized world wide due to the variety of products that it provided. In 1972, the company introduced the first world recognized scientific electronic calculator. This handheld electronic calculator was known as HP-35. In 1974, the company introduced HP-65, which was a scientific programmable, handheld calculator. In 1979, the company developed the first alphanumeric and programmable calculator that was expandable. This was referred to as HP-41C (HP Company, 1984). As time passed, the company grew in innovations and introduced the first graphing and symbolic calculator, which came to be referred as HP-28C. Innovations later in 1984 introduced laser and inkjet printers for desktop use. The company also introduced scanners, used together with the desktop (Vermaat, 1996). These products have of late been developed to perform different functions together. For example, introduction of a single machine that can perform printing, scanning and photocopying. Hewlett Packard Emerging Products HP Company relies on innovations in order to create and introduce new products in the market. The company will always produce new products due to world’s demand in advancing in technology. The company has presently introduced slate 2, which is the company’s first tablet after it announced that it had no intentions of spinning off or selling its PC unit (www.hp.com). The new slate 2 comes with Windows 7 OS. The slate has a touch display capacity of 8.9 inches. The slate 2 is an improvement of slate 500, which HP released in 2010. Slate 2 has faster hardware than slate 50 0. The company has dropped the tablet’s starting price from $ 699 through bringing a cheap configuration of 32 GB storage in the market (Shah, 2011). The company has introduced the slate 2 worldwide; in the areas that the tablet has not landed, the tablet is going to be there soon. The coming years of HP’s tablets and Personal Computer revolve around Windows 8. The company will introduce Windows 8 tablet in the near future. Slate 2 utilization is based on Windows 7, but it is not clear whether there would be an upgrading with

Research J 5.3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research J 5.3 - Essay Example The researcher must support with an explanation each item on the questionnaire what it is expected to measure. Face validity can take items by face value and exactly assess the face value. Some items can have lower face validity than what it appears to have. It involves the assessment of normal people in the field. Content validity involves the assessment of experts in the field, but it is non-empirical and judgmental (Adler & Clark, 2014). Reliability is measured by test-retest which is obtained by running the same test twice on the same test subject in a given period. The results from both tests are evaluated for test of stability over that period. Example, a test done for a particular crime can be retested in the occurrence of another similar crime. The correlation will give a stability score. Construct validity is assessment based on variables that are related. Construct validity carries weight when proof or of evidence is provided. Interrater reliability is used where results for one observer are strategically used in comparison with another using the same method. Interrater reliability is used when two or more measures are not reliable. They can compare correlatively those results using interrater (Maxifield & Babbie, 2012). A scale is defined as a measure of responding to a question, compilation of statements or questions used to respond to a concept studied. There are three types of attitudinal scaling used in criminal justice. Thurstone scale uses paired comparisons and equal appearing intervals methods to scale. Judges are given several pairs of questions and choose which would most fit the concept of study. The one picked most becomes part of the questionnaire. The judges are required to give a number scale on the strength of each question. The researcher then takes the questions that showed the strongest agreement from the judges. The weak questions are eliminated when

Report for hewlett packard (Communication In business 100) Lab

For hewlett packard (Communication In business 100) - Lab Report Example The company is guided by 7 companywide objectives and shared values including commitment to global citizenship (hp, 2010). Been a major player, in the global market, the company is bound by the ten global compact principles and reports its progress on the implementation of the same to the United Nations organization. There is a high likelihood of respecting worker’s working conditions and rights in a company practicing direct dialogue and freedom of association. Direct engagement and open communication with workers in resolving compensation and workplace issues induce a better cohesion amongst workers, working atmosphere, adherence to company’s policies and common sharing of objectives according to csr-supplychain (2010). Hp, being a global company, has to involve a lot of employees ranging from dealers to suppliers, retailers and managerial personnel among other staff in its successful running. For efficient running of the business and the supply chain, the top management of the company must uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining in engaging with the employees. HP conducts audits on the major suppliers in the world deemed to be a risk to the efficient running of the business in order to verify their conformance to certain set rules and standards. Hp as a multinational company maintains detailed standards regarding labor management systems, safety and health management systems, ethics, environment and labor standards. The company has given the employees and suppliers freedom of association and right to collective bargaining in undertaking their activities in the distribution chain. During recruitment of the employees, the company management gives the potential employee an option of stating the amount he/she would like to be given as remuneration. If the

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Reading response - Essay Example They achieve this by exploring the genesis of biodiversity, as well as the implications of the fields of ecology and conservation biology in terms of shaping biodiversity. Maclaurin and Sterelny seek to define the various forms of biodiversity, which are critical to fields such as taxonomy, ecology, developmental biology and morphology. They construe that biological heritage is rich in all bio-diversities (Krishnamurthy 211). The reading concludes with the authors drawing focus to phenotype diversity by delving into the topic of development. They note that genes serve as paradigmatic developmental, as well as evolutionary resources, and form the basis of what all species depend upon for their fundamental existence. They ask a fundamental question in the field of biology; whether ecosystems of communities typically operate as crucial organized systems on a biological level. Maclaurin and Sterelny (25) argue that if ecosystems fail to function as biologically organized systems, the richness of each species encapsulates ecological diversity. Maclaurin and Sterelny consider the availability of crucial details regarding a species and the presence of vital environmental variables that impact the species as sufficient information to facilitate the comprehension of ecological results. However, the authors argue that these results cannot be attained in organized ecosystems. The authors further delve into the topic of biodiversity conservation through the use of option value theory, a concept derived from economics. Overall, I agree with the authors regarding the importance of diversity in biology. I strongly believe that biodiversity facilitates the existence of life, regardless of the organism found in the ecosystem. Without biodiversity, natural sustainability for every life form would be impossible to achieve. The significance of biodiversity primarily centers on the sustenance of

Report for hewlett packard (Communication In business 100) Lab

For hewlett packard (Communication In business 100) - Lab Report Example The company is guided by 7 companywide objectives and shared values including commitment to global citizenship (hp, 2010). Been a major player, in the global market, the company is bound by the ten global compact principles and reports its progress on the implementation of the same to the United Nations organization. There is a high likelihood of respecting worker’s working conditions and rights in a company practicing direct dialogue and freedom of association. Direct engagement and open communication with workers in resolving compensation and workplace issues induce a better cohesion amongst workers, working atmosphere, adherence to company’s policies and common sharing of objectives according to csr-supplychain (2010). Hp, being a global company, has to involve a lot of employees ranging from dealers to suppliers, retailers and managerial personnel among other staff in its successful running. For efficient running of the business and the supply chain, the top management of the company must uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining in engaging with the employees. HP conducts audits on the major suppliers in the world deemed to be a risk to the efficient running of the business in order to verify their conformance to certain set rules and standards. Hp as a multinational company maintains detailed standards regarding labor management systems, safety and health management systems, ethics, environment and labor standards. The company has given the employees and suppliers freedom of association and right to collective bargaining in undertaking their activities in the distribution chain. During recruitment of the employees, the company management gives the potential employee an option of stating the amount he/she would like to be given as remuneration. If the

An analysis on how corporations are affected by change and enforcement Dissertation

An analysis on how corporations are affected by change and enforcement of tax regulations - Dissertation Example 19 2.9 Tax Jurisdiction that Exempt Foreign –Source Income 21 2.10 Jurisdiction that Offer Tax Incentives to Qualified Holding Companies 21 2.11 Thin Capitalisation Rules 22 2.12 Do Taxes Impact Corporate Mergers? 23 2.13 Inverse Conversion by US Companies? 24 2.14 Corporate Tax Reforms in USA 25 2.15 Tax Planning – How G.E USA not Paid a Single Dollar In 2010 As Income-Tax? 27 2.16 Whether High Tax Rates compel the UK Companies to Relocate? 29 2.17 Why British Shipping Companies prefer Malta Registration? 30 2.18 Tax advantages for UK companies by Outsourcing to India 31 3 Findings 33 4 Recommendations 35 4 Conclusion 36 5 List of References 38 Tables: Table 1 Ease of Payment of Taxes 13 Table 2 Prevailing Corporate Taxes around the World 14 Graphs Graph 1 Perception of the Importance of the Climate Governments Create for Business Through Tax Policies or Financial Incentives 15 INTRODUCTION In modern era, the government of a nation assumes a significant role in develop ing the commercial, financial, general policies of the business concerns in the country and taxation policy is one of such mighty mechanisms of intervention. The privilege to tax domestic companies and to tax the every citizen of a nation is intrinsic in the sovereign command of every nation and its government. The taxation of business enterprises has become a chief avenue of revenue for the government due to constantly increasing burden of fiscal deficit in their budgets. The functions and duties of every government will include a provision of public health, public education, and the development of infrastructure facilities, provisions of multi services like old age pension, unemployment insurance and to cover these costs. Government is under obligation to tax both unincorporated and incorporated business sector. The reasons for confidence ushered on corporate sector for special tax treatment are mainly due to administrative convenience and political feasibility. Like individuals, business corporations do not exercise voting power in elections. Hence, government is more depending upon the corporate sector to raise additional revenues to a larger magnitude nowadays. (Tyagi and Kumar2003:390). To raise income, government levy charges or taxes on various activities, incomes, earnings of companies, individuals, etc. and this process is known as taxation. Taxation is of two type’s viz. direct taxation and indirect taxation. For instance, excise duties are known as indirect tax which is imposed on the manufacturing, production and import of merchandises like tobacco, alcohol, oil and gas and minerals. Illustrations of direct taxes are income-tax and property tax. (Tyagi and Kumar2003:390). The effect of taxation policies in business decision is more critical and viable as at a time when corporate taxation is contributing chiefly to the national exchequer. Day by day, the role of taxation policies in business decision is increasing, which increases its encumb rances. Higher corporate taxes may axe the corporate development and hamper the expansion of manufacturing capacity, hence, it becomes crucial to this research into the chief effects of corporate taxation policies on the business enterprises. (Tyagi and Kumar2003:390). The sudden spurt in corporate tax revenues in low-tax OECD nations may be due to the large scale of inflow of investment

Peer Acceptance Essay Example for Free

Peer Acceptance Essay As Sentse, Lindenberg, Omvlee, Ormel Veenstra (2009) stated, the need to belong is one of the most important need of an individual, and during adolescence, the closest group of people that an adolescent could have strong attachments with is his/her family and friends. In a study by Khurshid Rehman (2006), those who have low self-esteem were reported to have higher peer stressors as compared to others having high self-esteem. Their findings suggested that those who have low self-esteem face more problems with their peers; that because they lack in self-confidence, their peers would see them as inferior, considered them as a boring personality and that they always felt uncomfortable in the company of strangers, even among their friends. According to the study conducted by Parker et al. as cited in Kistner, David Repper, 2007), the perception of an individual to be accepted by peers would contribute to his/her adjustment in school or in any other areas of his/her life. Rejected individuals who perceived themselves to be accepted by their peers tend to cope with and initiate social interactions better, than those who were rejected having negative perceptions of themselves being accepted (Rabiner Coie as cited in Kistner, David Repper, 2007). It was stated by Furman Robbins (as cited in Kingery, Erdley Marshall, 2011) that having the companion of peers would provide intimacy, affection and a source of reliance for an individual, thus helping in his/her adjustment and help enhance self-esteem. Behavioral Indicators: Individual feels that she belongs to a certain group; feels that she is not alone in life; accepts criticisms from other people; does not find it difficult to socialize with peers.

Analysis Of Psychological Egoism Philosophy Essay

Analysis Of Psychological Egoism Philosophy Essay Psychological egoism is the empirical doctrine that the determining motive of every voluntary action is a desire for ones own welfare. On this view, even though all actions are regarded as self-interested actions, the egoist readily points out that people usually try to conceal the determining motives for their actions because such concealment is usually in their self-interest. Psychological egoism is a theory about motivation that claims that all of our ultimate desires are self-directed. Whenever we want others to do well (or ill), we have these other-directed desires only instrumentally; we care about others only because we think that the welfare of others will have ramifications for our own welfare. As stated, egoism is a descriptive, not a normative, claim. It aims to characterize what motivates human beings in fact; the theory does not say whether it is good or bad that people are so motivated. Ethical Egoism purports to tell us how to live. As such, it is a consequentiality theory; that is, it maintains that the rightness or wrongness of acts depends on their consequences. More specifically, it says that right actions promote self-interests and wrong actions detract from self-interest. Besides, Ethical egoism claims that it is necessary and sufficient for an action to be morally right that it maximize ones self-interest. It makes claims about what one ought to do, rather than describe what one does do. One of the problems with this position is that it might not be in ones self-interest to have everyone act from the perspective of self-interest. This state of nature would not be desirable (in Hobbes terms, life would be beastly, brutal, and short) and so it might ultimately be in ones self-interest to enter into a contract with others that would place restraints upon self-interested actions. Teleological Theory The  teleological theory  of ethics has broad appeal to many because it explains the rightness or virtue of action in terms of the good realized by it.  The word teleology is derived from the Greek word telos that means ends. In this theory, you would consider the ends, or the outcomes of your decision. Teleology was explored by Plato and Aristotle, by Saint Anselm around 1000 A.D., and later by Immanuel Kant in his Critique of Judgement. It was fundamental to the speculative philosophy of Hegel. Since this theory is concerned about the consequences of the decision, it is also referred to as consequentialist. For example, a moral theory that maintains that the rightness of an action is one which achieves the goal of maximizing happiness counts as a teleological theory. The two main types of theory brought under the rubric of teleological ethics are Utilitarianism and Ethical Egoism. Utilitarianism is clearly the most widely accepted teleological theory. Some however, have accepted another teleological viewethical egoism. Thus, in what follows we state and evaluate ethical egoism and different form of utilitarianism, in that order. Utilitarianism is a moral theory according to which welfare is the fundamental human good. Welfare may be understood as referring to the happiness or well being of individuals. Utilitarianism is most commonly a theory about the rightness of actions; it is the doctrine that, from a range of possibilities, the right action is the action which most increases the welfare of human beings or sentient creatures in general. Of the many moral theories now called Utilitarian, all share this claim that morality ought to be concerned with increasing welfare. The sense of utilitarianism can be started in this way: the rightness or wrongness of an act or moral rule is solely a matter of the nonmoral good produced directly or indirectly in the consequences of that act of rule. Utilitarianism has its historical origins in seventeenth century Britain although its central ideas may be traced back to Plato and ancient Greek discussions of eudaimonia. The most important developers and proponents of utilitarianism are Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832); He first attained attention as a critic of the leading legal theorist in eighteenth century England, Sir William Blackstone. Benthams campaign for social and political reforms in all areas, most notably the criminal law, had its theoretical basis in his utilitarianism, expounded in his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, a work written in 1780 but not published until 1789. In it he formulated the principle of utility, which approves of an action in so far as an action has an overall tendency to promote the greatest amount of happiness. In its historical context, utilitarianism aspired to be a movement of social reform. It was closely tied to its political aspirations, promoted a new conception of morality which eschewed references to God and religion, and took morality to be fundamentally an attempt to bring about as much happiness of pleasure, to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number. Utilitarianism is divided into two branches which are Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism. The type of utilitarianism outlined to date is termed act utilitarianism. Every single act is judged by its individual consequences and decisions on morality reached. Act utilitarianism is entirely situational and consequences in terms of happiness cannot be applied across situations. Rule utilitarianism removes this tension. The maximising happiness principle is applied not to an individual situation, but rather to that set of circumstances in general and the moral rule is then created. For example it is generally the case that murdering innocents does not maximise happiness for the majority therefore it is immoral on all occasions. Whilst this gets around certain unpalatability with utilitarianism, it does remove the true consequential nature of the system. Judgment on general consequences is not the same as judging the consequences of a specific circumstance. The other main branch of Teleology theory is Egoism. In philosophy, egoism is the theory that ones self is, or should be, the motivation and the goal of ones own action. Egoism has two variants, descriptive or normative. The descriptive (or positive) variant conceives egoism as a  factual  description of human affairs. That is, people are motivated by their own interests and desires, and they cannot be described otherwise. The normative variant proposes that people should be so motivated, regardless of what presently motivates their behaviour. Altruism is the opposite of egoism. The term egoism derives from ego, the Latin term for I in English. Egoism should be distinguished from  egotism, which means a psychological overvaluation of ones own importance, or of ones own activities. The most plausible form of ethical egoism, embraced by such philosophers as Ayn Rand and John Hospers, is called universal or impersonal rule egoism: each person has a moral rule that will be in the agents maximal self-interested over the long haul. For the ethical egoist, one has a duty to follow correct moral rules. And the factor that makes a rule a correct one is that, if followed, it will be in the agents own best interest in the long run. Each person ought to advance his/her own self-interested and that is the sole of foundation of morality. Ethical egoism is sometimes confused with various distinct issues. First, there is individual or personal ethical egoism, which says everyone has a duty to act so as to serve my self-interest. Here, everyone is morally obligated to serve the speakers long-term best interests. Second, there is psychological egoism, roughly, the idea that each person can only do an act that the person takes to maximize his or own self-interested. Psychological egoism is a descriptive thesis about motivation to the effect that we can only act on motives that are in our own self-interest. Psychological egoism is sometimes used as part of an argument for ethical egoism, but the two are distinct theses. Psychological egoism is also called the pleasure principle. It is the most famous descriptive position, claims that each person has but one ultimate aim: her own welfare. Psychological egoism insist that people are capable of desiring the happiness of other only when they taken it to be acting unselfishly and disinterestedly when they take the interests of others to be means to the promotion of their own self-interest.    Furthermore, it allows for weakness of will, since in weakness of will cases I am still aiming at my own welfare; I am weak in that I do not act as I aim. And it allows for aiming at things other than ones welfare, such as helping others, where these things are a means to ones welfare. On the other hand, Ethical egoism is a normative theory that states that our actions ought to be done from the perspective of self-interest. Besides, it also claims that it is necessary and sufficient for an action to be morally right that it maximize ones self-interest. In the strong version, it is held that it is always moral to promote ones own good, and it is never moral not to promote it. In the weak version, it is said that although it is always moral to promote ones own good, it is not necessarily never moral to not. That is, there may be conditions in which the avoidance of personal interest may be a moral action. There are three distinct types of ethical egoism: Personal ethical egoism, Individual ethical egoism and Universal ethical egoism. Personal egoists maintain that they are going to act in their own self-interest and that anything else is irrelevant to them. They actually have no interest in telling other people how to act all, and in this sense, their position is hardly a moral theory at all. () In fact, the only things which they concern in life is to further their own self-interest. Second, Individual Ethical Egoism is a belief that cant be consistent unless it applies to just one person. In other words, this belief is not universalizable. The different between personal egoism, which is hardly an ethical theory at all, and Individual ethical egoism is that latter does make a claim about how other people ought to act. Lastly, the Universal Ethical Egoism. Whereas individual ethical egoism think everyone ought to act in their own self-interest, universal ethical egoists think that each individual ought to act in his or her own self-interest. Each person, universal ethical egoists maintain, ought to be out for himself or herself. Egoism The term egoism is ordinarily used to mean exclusive concern with satisfying ones own desires, getting what one wants. Dictionaries tend to support this. They call egoism, for instance, 1. selfishness; selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ interest. 2. conceit (Websters New World Dictionary). The term egotist is often a substitute, although its defined differently, for example, as excessive reference to oneself. The ego is the self. But we should distinguish first between selfishness, selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ interest, and interest of the self. They usually mean, respectively, Concern exclusively and for indulging ones desires, consideration based first on what is good for oneself without the exclusion of others, and that which motivates an autonomous person. These will help us appreciate what follows Philosopher opinions about egoism Every individual serves his own private interestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The great Saints of history have served their private interest just as the most money grubbing miser has served his interest. The private interest is whatever it is that drives an individual (Friedman, 1976). But whatsoever is the object of any mans Appetite or Desire, that is it which he for his part called Good: and the object of his Hate and Aversion, Evilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦For these words of Good and Evilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦are ever used with relation to the person that used them: there being nothing simply and absolutely so; nor any Common Rule of Good and Evil (Hobbes, 1968: 120). Criticisms Egoism is sometimes criticized for attributing too much calculation to spontaneous acts of helping. People who help in emergency situations often report doing so without thinking (Clark and Word 1974). However, it is hard to take such reports literally when the acts involve a precise series of complicated actions that are well-suited to an apparent end. A lifeguard who rescues a struggling swimmer is properly viewed as having a goal and as selecting actions that advance that goal. The fact that she engaged in no ponderous and self-conscious calculation does not show that no means/end reasoning occurred. In any case, actions that really do occur without the mediation of beliefs and desires fall outside the scope of both egoism and altruism. People jerk their legs when their knees are tapped with hammers, but that refutes neither theory. Classical Egoism A more promising ethical egoism states that each person should live so as to achieve his or her rational selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ interest. (I have called this classical egoism to indicate its pedigree in Aristotelianism. It is also captured by the term eudaimonist ethics.) Accordingly, as living beings we need a guide to conduct, principles to be used when we cannot assess the merits of each action from the start. As living beings we share with other animals the value of life. But life occurs in individual (living) things. And human living, unlike that of other animals, cannot be pursued automatically. We must learn to do it. And the particular life we can pursue and about which we can exercise choices is our own. By understanding who and what we are, we can identify the standards by which our own life can most likely be advanced properly, made successful, become a happy life. Business Ethics and Egoism Egoism is of concern in the examination of business ethics, both when we use the latter to refer to how people in commercial and business endeavors ought to act, and what kinds of public policy should govern business and industry to whit, capitalism, which arises from a legal system that respects and protects private property rights, and is an economic system that is closely linked to versions of egoism. Adam Smith, the founder of modern economic science, advanced something like a psychological egoist position about human motivation (although arguably Smith was not thoroughgoing in this for example in his Theory of Moral Sentiments he advances a different position). Arguments for Psychological Egoism There are several arguments which are strongly supporting the psychological egoism which is the empirical doctrine that the determining motive of every voluntary action is a desire for ones own welfare. Firstly, the arguments which favor in psychological egoism argues that people are ego and selfish because people always act as what they desire to. This arguments state that people always act according to self-interest and every voluntary action are selfish. For example, a shopkeeper who is being honest and returned the changes that left by the customer after purchasing good is defined as an act which is ego and self interested because the shopkeeper knows that being honest will help the business and maintain the good name of the shop. Thus, psychological egoist said that people are acting what they want due to their desire and also self-interest, therefore, people are ego and selfish. Besides, psychological egoist states that people are ego and selfish because they always act to get the pleasure and satisfactory. This argument indicates that every action of the people is aimed to get a good feel or being satisfied or in simple words, people acted to get the good feeling which may be gained after doing this action. For example, one who participates in the donation of blood do so due to the satisfactory and the good feeling which one may gained by donating his own blood. One might feel that he can help the people who need the blood and hence he feels satisfied by the action of donation of his own blood. Hence, this action which are acted to get the pleasure and satisfactory is pointed out by psychological egoist as the statement of people act are always ego. Apart from that, one of the arguments in favor of psychological egoism indicates that people act is ego because they wanted to gain benefits from their action. This argument argues that peoples actions are done to get benefits such as fame, becomes popular, liked by others and so forth. For instance, from the perspective of the argument, a soldier who saved his comrades life acted bravely to get an award or a reward such as a medal. Arguments favor in psychological egoism also states that those who donates money to the poor, beggar or charity acting generous and donates money to the charities because they are enjoying the feedback from their action as they will get a good fame, becomes more popular and also being liked by the people due to their generous action. As a conclusion, arguments for psychological egoism states that each of the humans voluntary actions are being acted due to their desire to gain satisfactory, benefits and also because of their self-interest. Thus, these arguments agree the view of psychological egoism which states that people are ego because they are acting for their own good. Arguments against Psychological Egoism Many of the arguments oppose the theory of psychological egoism which states that human acts are selfish because people act according to their own desire. These arguments strongly disagree on the view of psychological egoism due to the consideration of several factors and using counter-evidence. Firstly, the arguments against the psychological egoism states that human has genuine benevolence and genuine malevolence. This argument argues that human acts may be due to the capable of genuine benevolence and genuine malevolence which is the kind and the evil that planted in the humans mind or spirit. For example, Mother Teresa who helped a lots of poor, sick, old and also children lent her hand to those needy because of her genuine benevolence, neither because of her own self-interest nor benefits. Hence, the opponents pointed out that the psychological egoism is false because there will be people who act voluntarily upon the genuine benevolence. Besides, opponents of psychological egoism said that self-interest and interest in the welfare of others are not necessarily incompatible. This argument states that people may be acting due to the completely self-interest and welfare of others. For instance, a business man never cheats his clients and customers because he knows that this action is good for businesses. From the point of view of the psychological egoism opponents, the business man does not cheat his clients and customers had take care the welfare of them and the business man did this for the good of his business which is the self-interest. The psychological egoism opponents hence state that people act not only for their self-interest but also may contain the interest in others welfare. Apart from that, the argument against psychological egoism also states that human motives are oversimplified according to the psychological egoism. The opponents of psychological egoism state that one can has many motives when one is doing an action and only one of the motives may be the self-interest or benefits. For example, a father who gave his seat to an old lady on a bus may act so due to multiple reasons. From the perspective of opponents of psychological egoism, he may wanted to be the model to teach his son a lesson on giving a seat or lending a hand to the needy, he may wanted to get the satisfactory or good feeling after helping the old lady, he may also helped the old lady because of compassion and he may thought that it is dangerous for an old lady standing on a moving bus. Among the several reasons that are listed out, there are only one reason states that this father helped the old lady due to his self-interest. Thus, the opponents believe that humans act is not solely due to the egoism but there might be other factors which are taken into the consideration before a human act. As a conclusion, opponents of psychological egoism indicates that human acts are not solely because of self-interest nor benefits but can be causes by other factors such as the genuine benevolence, compatibility of self-interest and others welfare and also multiple of motives. These opponents believe that there will be some human actions which are acted against ego and truly out of a kind heart which is altruism as what have been done by Mother Teresa. Arguments For and Against Ethical Egoism Ethical egoism is the prescriptive doctrine that all persons ought to act from their own self-interest. It differs from psychological egoism, which claims that people can only act in their self-interest. Ethical egoism also differs from rational egoism, which holds merely that it is rational to act in ones self-interest. These doctrines may, though, be combined with ethical egoism. Ethical egoism is divided into three branches which are individual ethical egoism, personal ethical egoism and universal ethical egoism. One of the arguments for ethical egoism is looking out for others are self-defeating. We ought to do what will promote the interests of everyone alike. The interests of everyone will be best promoted if each of us adopts the policy of looking to our own interests exclusively. Therefore, each of us should adopt the policy of looking to our own interests exclusively. The other argument for ethical egoism is the Ann Rands argument. According to Ann Rands argument, we each ought to regard this one life as of supreme importance or ultimate value to us since we each have just one life. Ethical egoism and only ethical egoism allows each individuals life to be of supreme importance or ultimate value to them. Other moral theories all directly or indirectly enjoin altruism. Altruism regards the individual life as something one may be required to sacrifice for the sake of others. So, altruism does not allow each individuals life to be of supreme importance to them. Therefore, we all ought to be Ethical Egoists. The third argument in favour of ethical egoism is egoism can account for ordinary morality. Egoism provides one fundamental principle from which the rest of morality can be derived. However, there is a problem with this argument since other moral theories arguably do an even better job of this. According to Kurt Baiers argument, morality is supposed to help us resolve conflicts of interest. Ethical egoism gives no help in this regard so ethical egoism is not an acceptable morality. The other argument against ethical egoism is the self-contradictory argument. People will often have conflicting duties. For instance, according to ethical egoism, it is in As best-interest to kill B so A has a duty to do so and it is in Bs best interest to avoid being killed so B has a duty (by ethical egoism) to prevent it. It is wrong to prevent someones doing their duty. So ethical egoism entails a contradiction, it is not wrong for A to kill B since it is in As best-interest to kill B but it is wrong for A to kill B. B has a duty to avoid being killed and its wrong for A to prevent B from doing Bs duty. Therefore, ethical egoism is false. Other than that, the third argument against ethical egoism which is Rachels argument discuss that we can justify treating people differently only if we can show that there is some factual difference between them that is relevant to justifying the difference in treatment. Ethical egoism says we should treat others and ourselves differently but there is no factual difference between self and others that justifies this difference in treatment so ethical egoism is unacceptably arbitrary. Rachels comments on this argument shed light on why we should care about others interests. For the very same reason we care about our own because they are in all relevant respects like us.