History Controlled Assessment Essay

Controlled Assessment Before 1914, some women were discriminated against and were seen as second class citizens. The ideal job for the working class women were found in and around the home, which was greatly related to domestic jobs. They were known as â€Å"domestic servants† as they had to do all of the house chores and obey the orders of the house owners, for example, the mother, the father, the son or even the daughter. They had a really low paid job as they had no skill in which they could rely on to get a job, meaning that they were forced to stick with the domestic jobs. However, they were guaranteed food, shelter and clothes, depending on the generosity of the employer the servant would gain more or less. In this controlled assessment I will be talking about 5 sources that explain to us how women’s lives were affected by World War I. During the World War, some British women’s lives had completely altered. Looking at the source, it tells us that the munitions girls were always good company. It also tells us that they were very generous and kind, since the girls offered to pay for the soldier. The source is a secondary source as it was an interview for a book made up of personal memories, which was written in 1990. Also, this interview was with H.V. Shawyer, a soldier during WWI. The purpose of this source is to educate people that want to know people’s personal memories and how their lives were changed by the war. This source is reliable as it was created for a book, made to educate people and since it is a book, it will contain many similar stories relating to the war and the munitions girls. Source 4 is a primary source and is a poster. It’s also an image of a woman ploughing on a farm. The source implies to us that women can do most things that are meant for men to do; therefore women are equal to men in most ways. The poster was created in 1917, which was during WWI. It was created by the Government, who were seeking recruits for the Women’s Land Army. Since the men were at the World War, the Government called for the women to take over the men’s jobs but were only paid minimum wage. For example, out of 260,000 women needed for the jobs, only 48,000 volunteered. This is because the jobs the women faced did not appeal to them, meaning that most of the women wouldn’t take up the jobs. The purpose of this propaganda poster was to persuade women to join the Women’s Land Army since the men were too busy at the war. This third source was taken from a website focused at GCSE History students, most likely created by a historian. It was created in 2006 and is aimed at GCSE History students; it is also a secondary source as it was created after the World War occurred so it also gains the benefit of hindsight. The purpose of this source was to inform and educate GCSE students studying for History. This source is quite trustworthy since it’s from BBC, a trusted website. Also, it was most likely created by experienced Historians, willing to educate students for their exams. It is also quite useful as it informs you about World War I, and how it proved to be a turning point for women. This next source I will be talking about is a secondary source and is a letter. It is taken from a letter by Mrs H. Felstead, who was writing it in to the Imperial War Museum. It was a letter created in 1976. The Imperial War Museum asked for memories from women that were involved in the War. The source was created to inform people on what women gained during the war. The source is actually fairly reliable as it informs us on what women gained during the War; however, there isn’t enough knowledge on who she is so this makes the source fairly reliable. This source is quite useful to somebody studying on how women’s lives were affected during the War as it gives us personal stories from these women, and is written from their own point of view. The last source I will be talking about is a secondary source and is an extract from a History book talking about women’s rights. The source was created in 1932 and is an extract from a History book. The source was also created by a woman named Sylvia Pankhurst. The source was created to persuade people to allow women’s rights, such as the vote. However, this is not enough as Sylvia wanted more women’s rights. The source is fairly reliable as she is trying to campaign for women’s rights by using detailed facts about women, however, she could be lying by creating false facts to help gain rights for women. The source is also quite useful to women wanting to know about women’s rights and who campaigned to gain women’s rights.

Definition of Culture and Its Importance Essay

Human beings are considered the highest form of animals, behaving passionately social as a group, using language and understanding, and doing teamwork and intergroup rivalry. Culture then relates to everything that humans have, think and do as a member of the social group. Both existent and make-believe, humans have stuff like tools, weapons, languages, laws, music, art, material resources, technologies and systems that when taken jointly will give details of the past and describes the present. On the other hand, when ideas, values, attitudes, beliefs and ideologies are taken as a group, help explains religious partiality, political directives, mores and extensive range of social associations. In addition, humans do or perform activities among specific group or society based on nationality, religion, ethnic boundaries and even occupation and academic, which later on collectively form the prescribed accepted behavior. (Holt, D. & Wigginton, K. 2002). In 1997, culture was described by Geert Hofstede in his book, Cultures and Organizations as the â€Å"software of the mind†. While individuals all have the identical â€Å"hardware†, which is the human brain, their â€Å"software† or â€Å"programming† is rather diverse. It is an identical experience when interrelating with somebody from a dissimilar culture – their language, suppositions, body language and movement, morals, and other facets of their culture will not be logical when relocated to another’s orientation structure. There are three fundamental logical reasoning when it comes to culture, namely: 1. Superiority of experience in the fine arts and humanities; 2. A combined blueprint of human knowledge, trust, and manners that relies upon the aptitude for figurative thinking and social knowledge; and 3. The set of divided outlooks, principles, purposes, and practices that distinguishes an association, society or group. According to Holt and Wigginton (2002), culture is a concept in the field of anthropology that concerns with shared structure of attitudes, way of life, ownership, traits, tradition and morals that describes group actions, which can be observed in a family, ethnic group, a business organization or a society. Authority, leadership, work attitudes and ethical practices on the part of management are influenced by this shared structure. Workers also are influenced by cultural antecedents on how they recognize and understand quality performance, work responsibilities, their function in decision-making and attitude in following orders from superior, as well as insight of human rights. The daily demeanor of workers in terms of punctuality, following rules on safety standards and personal hygiene are also affected. Slight differences between any two or more cultural groups can be observed, which therefore requires sensitivity to understand cultural differences, especially in manners of proper handling of business transactions. This way, when difficulties are encounter they will be solved readily with positive results. Understanding Differences in Culture The basic requirements for human survival are standard, which means for people to live they need water, food, clothing, housing and security. However, scarcity of these necessities compels human to creatively expand manners of acquiring them in order to give solutions to these survival problems. For simple societies, economic and social behavior consists of uncomplicated activities like looking for and cooking food, crafting clothes, building houses and rearing children. On the other hand, for developed societies, roles go beyond work and domestic related actions and extend to production and distribution of goods and services in order to sustain their big areas of responsibilities. It is essential to know that differences in culture would mean that different cultures have a diversity of styles in looking at things, ways of dressing and expressing individuality and/or goodness. Education, social rank, religion, individuality, belief composition, precedent experience, warmth shown in the domicile, and a countless of other factors will influence an individual’s manners and mores. A good deal of dissimilarities in culture has something to do with foodstuff preparation, music, and what each culture considers good manners. There are really cultural and philosophy disparities and it is fine to have an appreciation about a civilization’s way of life. Hofstede’s Model of Cultural Dimensions A Dutch researcher by the name of Geert Hofstede made a cross-cultural study of organizational behavior using managers from different countries to produce profile of cultural differences. This model is the most famous Hofstede’s Model composed of five dimensions namely power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity and long term orientation, which gives a comparative evaluation of group attributes. Said dimensions when used jointly, provide management sensible outlook regarding contradicting values and prototypes of manners among countries and groups. Power distance as a dimension relates to the degree of human inequalities. Hierarchical position and authority are the main focuses of a culture with high power distance. Less dominant member of the society acknowledge just being subordinates, who should always follow those who are leading. In societies with high power distance as exemplified by Japan, formal authority comes from the hierarchy where employees hardly ever go against a chain of command or subject into scrutiny the decisions of top management. The reverse is true with societies like the United States, Australia and New Zealand with low power distance, where both higher-ups and subordinates coordinate their decisions with one another and authority is not a big deal. However, for societies like Great Britain, Israel and Canada in particular, though they refuse to accept parity in social level, still they value the right of each person’s accomplishment (Holt, D. & Wigginton, K. , 2002). Individualism pertains to the degree of initiative in becoming independent against that of collective endeavor. Societies with high individualism placed importance on personal triumphs, advancement, escapades and self-sufficiency. This implies ignoring the extensive necessities of the society and making oneself and ones family the priority. Contradictory, culture with low degree of individualism supports family relationship, group synchronization, social order and devote to compromised ideas. Uncertainty avoidance (Holt, D. & Wigginton, K. , 2002) is the degree of open-mindedness for uncertainty and ambiguity, particularly to man’s search for Truth. It means the feeling of contentment and discontentment in shapeless circumstances which are unusual, unknown and unexpected. For majority of the societies, their religious beliefs stand as their manner of knowing the Absolute Truth. Japanese culture for instance, typifies a society that avoids uncertainty by creating detailed laws and standards in consonance with the norms of the society. There are also societies with dual philosophical beliefs that they do not consider any Absolute Truth and so they accept uncertainty within their organizations. Canadians, as an example do not prioritize ceremonies and company rites unlike the Japanese. The degree of motivational behavior based on value systems that are depicted in terms of being masculine or feminine is another dimension in the Hofstede’s Model termed masculinity. The focus of the said model is not on biological perspectives; however, the behavior is portrayed using gender. In countries with high masculinity, like Japan, men work and hold top positions in organization, while women stay at home to perform household chores and nurture children. In other words, there are distinct roles that women and men do in society. The priorities of people living in societies with high masculinity are achievement, wealth and expansion. Working professionals spent much of their time in work related activities and seldom take vacations to relieve their stress. When confronted with problems, the manners of settling these conflicts are done aggressively. On the opposite, countries that score low in masculinity give significance to their family, relationships and quality of life. There is equality in terms of positions for both men and women which could be observed in all aspects of their lives. Negotiation for people in societies with low masculinity is the best way to resolve misunderstandings and disagreements. They are also fond of working in flexible hours to give way for more vacations and relaxation. The fifth and newest cultural dimension is the long term orientation, founded on the teaching of Confucius on the East. Countries with high long term orientation can be described as being persistent, thrifty, having a sense of shame and organizing and observing relationship by status. On the other hand, those cultures with short term orientation have personal control and firmness, shield ones â€Å"face†, value ritual and give back to greetings, favors, and gifts.

Bessie Coleman Biography

Bessie Coleman Biography Born: January 26, 1892 Atlanta, Texas Died: May 1, 1926 Jacksonville, Florida African American aviator Bessie Coleman was the first African American to earn an international pilots license. She dazzled crowds with her stunts at air shows and refused to be slowed by racism (a dislike or disrespect of a person based on their race). Early life Bessie Coleman was born on January 26, 1892, in a one-room, dirt-floored cabin in Atlanta, Texas, to George and Susan Coleman, the illiterate (unable to read and write) children of slaves. When Bessie was two years old, her father, a day laborer, moved his family to Waxahachie, Texas, where he bought a quarter-acre of land and built a three-room house in which two more daughters were born. In 1901 George Coleman left his family. Bessies mother and two older brothers went to work and Bessie was left as caretaker of her two younger sisters. Education for Coleman was limited to eight grades in a one-room schoolhouse that closed whenever the students were needed in the fields to help their families harvest cotton. Coleman easily established her position as family leader, reading aloud to her siblings and her mother at night. She often assured her ambitious church-going mother that she intended to amount to something. After completing school she worked as a laundress and saved her pay until 1910 when she left for Oklahoma to attend Langston University. She left after one year when she ran out of money. Back in Waxahachie Coleman again worked as a laundress until 1915, when she moved to Chicago, Illinois, to live with her older brother, Walter. Within months she became a manicurist and moved to a place of her own while continuing to seek—and finally, in 1920, to find—a goal for her life: to become a pilot. Learning to fly After befriending several leaders in South Side Chicagos African American community, Coleman found a sponsor in Robert Abbott (1868–1940), publisher of the nations largest African American weekly, the Chicago Defender. There were no African American aviators (pilots) in the area and, when no white pilot was willing to teach her to fly, Coleman turned to Abbott, who suggested that she go to France. The French, he insisted, were not racists and were the worlds leaders in aviation. Coleman left for France late in 1920. There she completed flight training at the best school in France and was awarded her Fà ©dà ©ration Aà ©ronautique Internationale (F.A.I.; international pilots license) license on June 15, 1921. She traveled Europe, gaining further flying experience so that she could perform in air shows. Her mission Back in New York in August 1922, Coleman outlined the goals for the remainder of Bessie Coleman. Reproduced by permission of the Corbis Corporation her life to reporters. She would be a leader, she said, in introducing aviation to her race. She would found a school for aviators of any race, and she would appear before audiences in churches, schools, and theaters to spark the interest of African Americans in the new, expanding technology of flight. Intelligent, beautiful, and well spoken, Coleman often exaggerated her already remarkable accomplishments in the interest of better publicity and bigger audiences. As a result, the African American press of the country, primarily weekly newspapers, quickly proclaimed her Queen Bess. In 1923 Coleman purchased a small plane but crashed on the way to her first scheduled West Coast air show. The plane was destroyed and Coleman suffered injuries that hospitalized her for three months. Returning to Chicago to recover, it took her another eighteen months to find financial backers for a series of shows in Texas. Her flights and theater appearances there during the summer of 1925 were highly successful, earning her enough to make a down payment on another plane. Her new fame was also bringing in steady work. At last, she wrote to one of her sisters, she was going to be able to earn enough money to open her school for fliers. A tragic ending Coleman left Orlando, Florida, by train to give a benefit exhibition for the Jacksonville Negro Welfare League, scheduled for May 1, 1926. Her pilot, William D. Wills, flew her plane into Orlando, but had to make three forced landings because the plane was so worn and poorly maintained. On April 30, 1926, Wills piloted the plane on a trial flight while Coleman sat in the other cockpit to survey the area over which she was to fly and parachute jump the next day. Her seat belt was unattached because she had to lean out over the edge of the plane while picking the best sites for her program. At an altitude of 1,000 feet, the plane dived, then flipped over, throwing Coleman out. Moments later Wills crashed. Both were killed. Coleman had three memorial services—in Jacksonville, Orlando, and Chicago, the last attended by thousands. She was buried at Chicagos Lincoln Cemetery and gradually, over the years following her death, achieved recognition at last as a hero of early aviation.

Business management - labour law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business management - labour law - Essay Example Discrimination in the workplace is regarded as unlawful in the eyes of law on the following grounds: age; disability; gender reassignment; marriage and civil partnership; pregnancy and maternity; race, caste, ethnicity, national origin or skin colour; religion or belief; sex; sexual orientation; part-time work; fixed-term work; trade union membership or activities. The Equality Act 2010 seeks to protect the employees from various types of discrimination which is rampant at the workplace. This includes: direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, harassment as well as victimization. However, in order to further strengthen the law against discriminatory practices in employment, and widen its scope, a new type of discrimination viz-a-viz dual discrimination has been added by way of section 14 (Hepple, et al., 2000). According to section 14 of Equality Act 2010: Combined discrimination: dual characteristics (1) A person (A) discriminates against another (B) if, because of a combinati on of two relevant protected characteristics, A treats B less favourably than A treats or would treat a person who does not share either of those characteristics (Legislation.gov.uk, 2011). According to this newly introduced law, discrimination claims can now be brought in relation to a combination of two protected characteristics: which includes - age, disability, gender reassignment, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation (Legislation.gov.uk, 2011). Currently the law only allows for claims of discrimination to be filed in only one particular category of discrimination such as gender or race, but the new law i.e. dual discrimination, seeks to widen this scope to include two of the listed forms of discrimination. For instance earlier, black women victims of discrimination could only claim discrimination on the basis of either race or gender but with the introduction of section 14, they can now claim discrimination on the grounds of both race as well as gender. Further more, the new provision has opened avenues for victims of workplace discrimination, where it was impossible for them to file such a claim under the previous law. A black woman was discriminated against on the grounds of race and gender could not claim discrimination if the employer hired a black man and a white woman for the same job. However, section 14 which allows the victims to claim dual discrimination can now effectively do so, by demonstrating that they have been subjected to less favourable treatment on the basis of their race as well as gender, citing the previous example. Brief Overview: The Equality Act 2010 is a result of efforts put in by the Labour Government as well as the active campaigning by various Human Rights group seeking for prevention of discriminatory work practices in employment. The act is currently applicable across Great Britain i.e. England, Scotland, and Wales and is not applicable in Ireland. The fundamental aim of this act is to adopt an inclusive ou tlook towards key issues enforced under one single commission. This is achieved by clarifying various definitions of discrimination, as explained under the act and applies them in accordance with the respective protected characteristics. The introduction of a new section under this act has led to an expansion of duties of the public

New extraction technologies RAKAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

New extraction technologies RAKAN - Essay Example The US has a guarded natural gas and oil pipeline which is obtained through Afghanistan from Central Asia. It is believed that the war in Afghanistan is a key prospect for the realization of this pipeline. Moreover, of the total energy used in the U.S, the residential and commercial buildings consume up to 41%. While of the total electricity energy usage they account for 72%. The energy codes adopted now could have a cumulative potential of saving energy for post 2013- 2014 at around 42.6 quads. Also established is DSIRE which is a program that provides incentives as well as policies which support renewable energy and efficiency in energy consumption (Blass, Vered, et al. 34). Various options exist that would enable growth of healthy economy with a clean environment. They may include: formulating policy approaches as well as programs that provide incentives for energy efficient technologies and renewable energy options; efficient utilization of renewable energy to avoid over use and reduce their scarcity; adopt production methods that ensure maximum utilization of products through out there life cycle through a life cycle assessment; reduce waste generation; adopt recycling and reuse to minimize waste; adopt green economy (Yi

The Lady Eve review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Lady Eve review - Essay Example In this film, Rowans father is willing to do anything for his sick son. He is seen traveling a long journey to seek treatment for his son who was discovered with Autism disease. The father has played a parenting role as he overcomes all the challenges along the way without giving up. A society has a power to determine how children grow and their future character. It is imperative for parents to give and offer the right morals and guidance to their children for better molding in a society. One of the major differences between Ai Wei-Wei and Banksy is that Ai Wei-Wei used graffiti art while Bankysy used street art. Bankysy was a filmmaker who used art to deliver his message. He was voted as one of the most influential persons in the world. He is put in the same category with the alike of Obama and lady gaga. He mainly displaces his art on publically visible places such as walls. On the other hand, Wei-Wei was a filmmaker and activist in China. His use of art was considered as destructive. He uses Scarecrow to deliver his message in the street of China. Art is a variety of human activities and the resulting product of those activities that usually involve technical and imaginative skills. These activities include criticism of work, work of art production, the study of art, and dissemination of art. Art focuses on the production of visual art that includes the creation of object or image, painting, printmaking, and photography. Art can be mainly be used for educating a s ociety. One of the place where you can display art include on public streets and roads. A good example where you can use art is when you want to challenge a governments decision to ignore public opinion. One can decide to use art to educate people about the serious consequences of the governments choice of action or decision. Art is very effective way of communication and educating a society. The book of Kells is sometimes known as

FMRI ( T) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

FMRI ( T) - Essay Example Therefore, it is needed to be avoided for preventing the future banking crisis. For this purpose, the proposals have been suggested in the second part of the paper. It is suggested that the division of bank into commercial and investment banking has fewer risks and it is a desirable option in contrast to the unified banking which is more risky but fostered more growth of the banks. The paper is meant to discuss the serious issue of banking crisis and suggest ways to mitigate the chance of future economic crisis globally. For this purpose, the paper covers two major sections in which the first part explains the term systemic risk and systemically important financial institutions. However, the second part describes and evaluates various proposals for introducing banking reforms concerned with the separation of the commercial banking and investment banking sector. The systemic risk can be defined as the condition in which the entire financial setup receives a major setback (Cox, & Larsen, 2011). It can be contrasted to the risk of damage done to the one financial aspect only and implies the collapse of a whole financial system. In other words, it is the major financial downfall which results from the various external and internal causes. It has also been described as the financial instability or disruption of a financial system which is generally catastrophic in nature. Hendricks (2009) has defined systemic risk in following words: "A systemic risk is the risk of a phase transition from one equilibrium to another, much less optimal equilibrium, characterized by multiple self-reinforcing feedback mechanisms making it difficult to reverse." The definition given above used theoretical terms to explain the concept of systemic risk and does not include economic terms in it. However, it suggests that systemic risk is the type of risk which can occur when a particular change occurs in terms of a transition from one phase to

Immigration in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Immigration in the US - Essay Example Many Americans are of the view that the growing crime rates in America is caused by the growing immigrant community in America. At the same time, American authorities are not ready to accept the allegations against America’s changing immigration policies. In their opinion, majority of America’s immigration policies remain the same even though the security measures were strengthened because of growing terrorism related problems. In this paper, I argue that racial profiling exists in current immigration policies of America. Immigration to America was intensified in the nineteenth century because of industgrial revolutions in America. â€Å"Majorities of immigrants came during the 1820s - 1890s were mostly from Ireland and Germany. Famine and poverty in Ireland, and political upheaval in Germany brought about five million immigrants† (Immigration and Industrialization in the Nineteenth century). Mexicans were another prominent community which started to migrate to A merica in the nineteenth century because of poor domestic administration, low wages, poverty, increasing population etc in their home country. The proximity of America with Mexico helped Mexicans to cross the border legally and illegally. Moreover, racism was prevailing in America in the nineteenth century which forced them to accept immigrants only from Christian countries and block people from all other countries. â€Å"Racism against the Asians were much worse than anything seen on the east coast and in 1882 the United States even passed a law prohibiting Chinese laborers from entering the United States at all (The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882)†(Anderson). However, the scenario has changed a lot in the twentieth century after the abolitions of slavery and racism in America. Many Hindus and Muslims from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Middle East etc like countries started to migrate to America because of various reasons. These diverse communities never bothered to integrate i nto American culture. They spoke their own languages and celebrated their own celebrations. Thus, American culture started to disintegrate as a result of diverse population. Rouse et al. (2010) have pointed out that â€Å"one of the primary concerns raised by many Americans is that the influx of immigrants has a potentially negative effect on American culture, particularly if these immigrants are not willing to conform to the American way of life† (Rouse et al., p.860). American culture is entirely different from the cultures of other parts of the world. Irrespective of the differences in religious beliefs, people of different religions stayed in harmony in America until recent times. However, the scenario has changed a lot after 9/11 incident. Even innocent and well known Muslim people are undergoing severe harassments in America at present. For example, India’s former president and world famous nuclear scientist APJ Abdul Kalam and Bollywood celebrity Shah Ruk Khan f orced to undergo body scanning in American airports recently. â€Å"It is worth mentioning that when former President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam boarded and Air India flight on September 29, 2011 at New York’s JFK Airport, he was frisked twice† (US airport security measures and double frisking of Kalam). At the same time Christian dignitaries from other countries are not facing such harassments in American airports. The above facts clearly suggest that racial profiling is currently going on in America in the name of terrorism. Arizona has

1-3 Willow road Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

1-3 Willow road - Dissertation Example Chapter III. The Context: Proportion and Other Elements of Style†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 V. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 Introduction The building 1-3 Willow Road is a rowhouse consisting of 3 homes set together. Built in 1939 by architect Erno Goldfinger, 1-3 Willow Road is an example of Modernist British architecture in Hampstead Heath, London, England. He was a modern pioneer of the Modernist movement. Originally from Hungary, he studied in Paris at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. He rebelled against the conservatism of the Beaux Arts and and he and a group of students broke away to form a new studio. They at first asked Le Corbusier to be the head of the studio but he declined. It was therea fter run by one of his contemporaries, Auguste Perret. Perret introduced the use of reinforced concrete construction, and whose his rationalist style and passion for the unadorned greatly influenced Goldfinger. Goldfinger resided in the center construction, Number 2 Willow, with his family until the time of his death in 1987. Although the construction of the building was at first disputed it was later acquired by the National Trust of England and is today an historic landmark. Here it will be discussed: the architect, including every salient detail about his work; the content of the Hampstead house building itself; and the context of the work, including proportion and other elements of style. Chapter I. The Architect: Erno Goldfinger Significance 1-3 Willow Road was controversial at the time of its conception, and the residents—as well as the city council—rejected the idea of its being built. â€Å"The Hampstead house was [originally] built for solicitor Geoffrey Walf ord of Piccadilly, his wife Ursula Walford and her four children from a first marriage.†1 Erno Goldfinger had to revise his plans several times before they were approved and construction could begin. Although a modern interpretation of a Georgian style building, it is an important example of the revolutionary ideas the architects of the Modern period hoped to establish. It was modeled after 18th- and 19th-century terrace houses, but built with modern materials and detailing. This building may be seen as part of the International style movement that has social and political undertones. These particular architects—being much more concerned with building homes for the everyday man rather than elaborately-decorated edifices that had characterized much of the architecture that had preceded it—also set forth to consider the function and utility of the structure. With the advances in new technology, new materials were invented. As such, these buildings were famous for b eing the first to utilize such technological advancements. Many new ideas in the arts and architecture flourished and Goldfinger’s work embodies these precepts. Therefore, 1-3 Willow Road is an excellent example of what one would call Modernist principles. Although he became more well known for his buildings following WWII, the houses on Willow Road can be seen as their precursors. Cultural and Historical Background Hampstead Heath, where Willow Road sits, is a celebrated and picturesque part of London, England. Just minutes by train from the heart of London, many people go there to enjoy the nearby countryside. There are many ponds, a garden filled with flowers and trees and an aviary, as well as a zoo. Mainly rural, the area has several ponds and acres of undeveloped land. Although the countryside has been well preserved there are many

Caffeine - Red Bull Essay Example for Free

Caffeine Red Bull Essay How many of you drink energy drinks? Just one a day or a few a day? Did you know that while only one a day may not lead to excessive caffeine intake, two or more in a single day can? Excessive amounts of caffeine intake can lead to headaches, jitteriness, and upset stomachs. Kentucky is thinking about passing a law to make it illegal for someone under 18 to buy energy drinks. Many people (including me) want this law to be passed. When I did my research on this issue, it was found that in France some forms of energy drinks are banned because of their role in sports-related deaths. In one case a young athlete died after drinking 4 cans of red bull before playing a basketball game. Your thinking â€Å"How do we know that it was because of the energy drinks? † Well, we know this because this is not the only case in which an athlete has died after drinking energy drinks. If people under 18 are allowed to buy energy drinks then there will most likely be more deaths. So why should people under 18 be allowed to buy energy drinks? They don’t understand how much drinking just two or three before a game can affect their lives. The concentration of sugar in a sports drink is recommended to be 6-7% carbohydrate to allow maximum absorption and minimize spikes and crashes in blood sugar. Higher concentrations such as those in energy drinks will slow fluid absorption into the blood and energy system, increasing the possibility of dehydration. The drinks may cause seizures due to the crash following the energy high that occurs after drinking the energy drink. Seizures can be serious, causing permanent damage to the brain or even death, although it’s rare. Who would want some kid to have seizures because they thought energy drinks were good? I certainly don’t. Not all sports drinks are bad. In fact most aren’t when drank in moderate amounts. The problem is that most people think that if a little is good a lot will be great. But that’s not the case. People under 18 won’t realize what they are doing to their body when they drink more than one at a time, in fact most adults wouldn’t. That’s why it should be illegal for people under 18 to buy energy drinks. So Write or call your representative and speak your opinion. Tell him to vote to pass the law that will make it illegal for people under 18 to buy energy drinks. Save young people from the effects and possible death. You might not think your call will mater but you never know, your call might help him make the decision to vote for the law to pass.

Relationship Between Racist Symbols and Prejudice

Relationship Between Racist Symbols and Prejudice Pre-test measures Image and question selection was twofold, primarily, the author identified possible images against three criteria political, general and racial, selected from a general cross-section of images located on internet sites identified by the search race hate groups white supremacy and political symbols. Various Discussion groups were then facilitated, one prisoners and one civilian group[1]. The dual grouping was to negate any prisoner only bias. Twenty selected images were displayed in each of the three categories to each group separately. The means of display was in a room which had reduced lighting and the individual images being projected onto screen. A semi-structured discussion then followed with the facilitator noting each image, which appeared to raise awareness or interest within the group. The images selected for treatment use were seven racial, five political (with a balance between parties) and two general (see appendix A). Further discussion groups with different prisoners a nd civilians; incorporating a variety of closed and open-ended questions being tabled around a different selection of images, which were similar in design to those already selected for use in the experiment. The responses from within these groups were noted as to which questions appeared to raise awareness or interest from each pilot group. Thus the questions selected were: Three scales were used as outcome measures in this experiment: British Prejudice Scale: The British Prejudice Scale (BPS) (Lepore Brown, 1997) is the amalgamation of several existing instruments: the Modern Racism Scale, the New Racism Scale and the Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale. The authors subtly altered these scales post-amalgamation to make them appropriate for white British respondents. The scale is designed as a general measure of anti-black prejudice. This scale was chosen because it contains a substantial component of anti-immigration, anti-foreigner sentiment. This sentiment closely approximates out-group hostility, distance and perceived worldview threats that are central to the theoretical argument being developed in this thesis. The internal consistency for this scale is high, Cronbach a=.92 (Lepore Brown, 1997).The scale consists of 15 questions answered on a scale from 1 7 (strongly agree to strongly disagree) and are summed indicating a range from 15 (high prejudice) to 105 (low prejudice). Thus a respondent scoring lower on this scale will be deemed more racist than a person with a high score. Social Dominance Orientation Scale: The Social Dominance Orientation Scale (SDO) (Pratto, Sidanius, Stallworth Malle, 1994), measures individual differences in the extent to which respondents prefer inequality among social groups. There are four separate versions of this scale; the 16-item scale has been selected for use in these experiments to allow other measures to be included. According to the scales authors, SDO is not a direct measure of racial attitudes, but, like authoritarianism, is a focal part of social ideology that predicts a wide range of political and racial attitudes. The measure has strong internal consistency, Cronbach a= .84 (Pratto et al., 1994). SDO conceptualises the importance of racial and political attitudes and therefore will be a direct measure of racial attitudes. It is purported that a person high in SDO will quite probably develop a negative attitude towards some group that is low in status or prestige. Further indications are that for those respondents high in SDO display a tendency to favour hierarchical relationships within groups and suggest an alignment of superior-inferior dimensions. According to the authors, individuals high in SDO accept legitimising myths that include racial and ethnic prejudice, nationalism, patriotism, separation between high and low culture, sexism, meritocracy and political conservatism (Pratto et all., 1994). Scale items are scored on a 1-7 (very positive to very negative) scale and scores are averaged across items. Thus a respondent scoring higher on this scale would indicate a stronger social dominance orientation or more prone to racist thinking than a person with lower scores. Selection of this scale was important to the study because those high in SDO display out-group hostility or denigration and would therefore likely seek to ensure a greater social distance from members of those out-groups. In addition the scale has been designed to independently indicate racism as apart from traditional pol itical ideology. Social Distance Scale: The Social Distance Scale (SDS) (Bogardus, 1933) was designed to measure the extent to which people want to keep a distance and avoid intimate contact between themselves and people from different racial, ethnic, national or social groups. The scale has a high internal consistency, with Cronbach a greater than .90 (Kleg Yamamoto, 1995, Mielenz, 1997, Osei-Kwame Achola, 1981). The scale consists of measuring first feeling reactions to a list of social, racial, ethnic and national groups ranging from regarding distant social contact (e.g., as visitors to ones country) to the most intimate (e.g., as a family member by marriage). In Bogarduss original scoring method (1933) a low score on this scale indicates the person is less inclusive or welcoming of out-group members than those respondents with a high score. Unlike the British Prejudice Scale and the Social Dominance Orientation Scales, which utilise closed-ended questions and Likert scales, the Social Distance Scale design is based on the uni dimensional Guttman-type scale. Clear written instructions on how to respond to the questionnaire and each scale were provided to all respondent prior to each scale. The British Prejudice Scale and the Social Dominance Orientation Scales being of the closed question style were pre-coded and the response sets were in a Likert scale, this allowing for ease of analysis. The Social Distance Scale design is based on the uni-dimensional Guttman-type scale, with increasing levels of intimacy. Clear written instructions on how to respond to the questionnaire and each scale were provided to all respondent prior to each scale. The main body of the questionnaire, as previously noted, was pre-determined by the use of existing scales. Consideration at this stage was given to a methodology of image presentation, due to the social undesirability of racial comments, and it was further considered unlikely that respondents would answers openly and honestly if they were fully aware that they were being questioned about racist attitudes. Furthermore, fully informed consent was not realistic prior to the experiment. The selected scales were already of a political nature by being measurements of political attitudes. The scales used dictated the information required, therefore consideration only had to be given to the construction, format ordering and filler questions required to ensure the deception was successful. The filler questions were selected by using a pre-general election governmental questionnaire[2] . It has been acknowledged that the style of question can influence the reported response, thus this method, by which elimination of any bias from the researcher is effected was deemed the most appropriate methodology. The questions were subsequently piloted,[3] with random introduction, the facilitator noting the level to which questions appeared to lead or invoke discussion or a better response from the group members. These questions were then used to fill the questionnaire and disguise the real intention of the measure. The design of the questionnaire was against two specific criteria, simplicity of administration and level of cognition of intended recipients prisoners. Instructions and layout were deliberately simple with additional concentration on ensuring the design was short, thus ensuring a minimisation of respondent fatigue and high response rate. The demographics were selected to identify length in prison, first or further prison sentence, number of previous prison sentences, age and level of education, thus allowing for statistical tests for possible influence or bias. Post-test measures The study investigated whether exposure to racist signs and symbols impacted participants scores on measures associated with hate and prejudice. The hypothesis was tested in seven different ways, firstly against the British Prejudice Scale, which was designed as a measure of anti-black prejudice; Secondly, against the Social Dominance Orientation Scale, the Social Dominance Orientation Scale conceptualising the importance of racial and political attitudes, therefore being a direct measure of racial attitudes. The next five tests of the hypothesis were sub-components of the Social Distance Scale which measures the extent by which people want to keep a distance and avoid increasing amounts of intimate contact between themselves and people from different racial, ethnic, national or social groups. A Man-Whitney U[4] test was conducted to determine whether the experimental and the control groups were comparable, on the demographic information from the sample. The demographic variables used in this experiment were length in prison (time spent in present establishment), first time in prison (whether or not this was a first custodial sentence), previous times in prison (number of previous custodial sentences), length of sentence (length of present custodial sentence), age and education. Independent t-tests were also conducted using the British Prejudice Scale, and the various elements of the Social Distance Scale scores. In order to take into account multiple testing, a Bonferroni adjustment[5] was also calculated. Analyses of covariance[6] were considered but no variances in dependant variables were apparent. Hypothesis The primary hypothesis of this research is that viewing racist signs and symbols increases prejudice against out-groups and factors associated with racism and hate. FINDINGS British Prejudice Scale On average, the control group scored significantly higher on the British Prejudice Scale (M= 64.67, SD= 16.41) than the experiment group (M= 36.68, SD= 18.46). The results of the test were significant (t(126) = 9.08, p=